詳解MySQL主從復(fù)制實(shí)戰(zhàn) - 基于GTID的復(fù)制

更新時(shí)間：2017年03月17日 10:11:45 作者：Payon

本篇文章主要介紹了MySQL主從復(fù)制實(shí)戰(zhàn) - 基于GTID的復(fù)制，基于GTID的復(fù)制是MySQL 5.6后新增的復(fù)制方式.有興趣的可以了解一下。

基于GTID的復(fù)制

簡(jiǎn)介

基于GTID的復(fù)制是MySQL 5.6后新增的復(fù)制方式.

GTID (global transaction identifier) 即全局事務(wù)ID, 保證了在每個(gè)在主庫(kù)上提交的事務(wù)在集群中有一個(gè)唯一的ID.

在原來(lái)基于日志的復(fù)制中, 從庫(kù)需要告知主庫(kù)要從哪個(gè)偏移量進(jìn)行增量同步, 如果指定錯(cuò)誤會(huì)造成數(shù)據(jù)的遺漏, 從而造成數(shù)據(jù)的不一致.

而基于GTID的復(fù)制中, 從庫(kù)會(huì)告知主庫(kù)已經(jīng)執(zhí)行的事務(wù)的GTID的值, 然后主庫(kù)會(huì)將所有未執(zhí)行的事務(wù)的GTID的列表返回給從庫(kù). 并且可以保證同一個(gè)事務(wù)只在指定的從庫(kù)執(zhí)行一次.

實(shí)戰(zhàn)

1、在主庫(kù)上建立復(fù)制賬戶并授予權(quán)限

基于GTID的復(fù)制會(huì)自動(dòng)地將沒(méi)有在從庫(kù)執(zhí)行的事務(wù)重放, 所以不要在其他從庫(kù)上建立相同的賬號(hào). 如果建立了相同的賬戶, 有可能造成復(fù)制鏈路的錯(cuò)誤.

mysql> create user 'repl'@'172.%' identified by '123456';

注意在生產(chǎn)上的密碼必須依照相關(guān)規(guī)范以達(dá)到一定的密碼強(qiáng)度, 并且規(guī)定在從庫(kù)上的特定網(wǎng)段上才能訪問(wèn)主庫(kù).

mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'172.%';

查看用戶

mysql> select user, host from mysql.user;
+-----------+-----------+
| user  | host  |
+-----------+-----------+
| prontera | %   |
| root  | %   |
| mysql.sys | localhost |
| root  | localhost |
+-----------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查看授權(quán)

mysql> show grants for repl@'172.%';
+--------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for repl@172.%       |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'repl'@'172.%' |
+--------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

2、配置主庫(kù)服務(wù)器

[mysqld]
log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin
log_bin_index = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin.index
binlog_format = row
server_id = 101
gtid_mode = ON
enforce_gtid_consistency = ON
#log_slave_updates = ON

NOTE: 把日志與數(shù)據(jù)分開(kāi)是個(gè)好習(xí)慣, 最好能放到不同的數(shù)據(jù)分區(qū)

enforce_gtid_consistency 強(qiáng)制GTID一致性, 啟用后以下命令無(wú)法再使用

create table ... select ...

mysql> create table dept select * from departments;
ERROR 1786 (HY000): Statement violates GTID consistency: CREATE TABLE ... SELECT.

因?yàn)閷?shí)際上是兩個(gè)獨(dú)立事件, 所以只能將其拆分先建立表, 然后再把數(shù)據(jù)插入到表中

create temporary table

事務(wù)內(nèi)部不能創(chuàng)建臨時(shí)表

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> create temporary table dept(id int);
ERROR 1787 (HY000): Statement violates GTID consistency: CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE and DROP TEMPORARY TABLE can only be executed outside transactional context. These statements are also not allowed in a function or trigger because functions and triggers are also considered to be multi-statement transactions.

同一事務(wù)中更新事務(wù)表與非事務(wù)表(MyISAM)

mysql> CREATE TABLE `dept_innodb` (id INT(11) UNSIGNED NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> CREATE TABLE `dept_myisam` (id INT(11) UNSIGNED NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT) ENGINE = `MyISAM`;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into dept_innodb(id) value(1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into dept_myisam(id) value(1);
ERROR 1785 (HY000): Statement violates GTID consistency: Updates to non-transactional tables can only be done in either autocommitted statements or single-statement transactions, and never in the same statement as updates to transactional tables.

所以建議選擇Innodb作為默認(rèn)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)引擎.

log_slave_updates 該選項(xiàng)在MySQL 5.6版本時(shí)基于GTID的復(fù)制是必須的, 但是其增大了從服務(wù)器的IO負(fù)載, 而在MySQL 5.7中該選項(xiàng)已經(jīng)不是必須項(xiàng)

3、配置從庫(kù)服務(wù)器

master_info_repository 與relay_log_info_repository

在MySQL 5.6.2之前, slave記錄的master信息以及slave應(yīng)用binlog的信息存放在文件中, 即master.info與relay-log.info. 在5.6.2版本之后, 允許記錄到table中. 對(duì)應(yīng)的表分別為mysql.slave_master_info與mysql.slave_relay_log_info, 且這兩個(gè)表均為innodb引擎表.

[mysqld]
log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin
log_bin_index = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin.index
server_id = 102
# slaves
relay_log  = /var/log/mysql/relay-bin
relay_log_index = /var/log/mysql/relay-bin.index
relay_log_info_file = /var/log/mysql/relay-bin.info
enforce_gtid_consistency = ON
log_slave_updates = ON
read_only = ON
master_info_repository = TABLE
relay_log_info_repository = TABLE

4、從庫(kù)數(shù)據(jù)初始化 - [optional]

先在主庫(kù)上備份數(shù)據(jù)

復(fù)制代碼代碼如下:

mysqldump --single-transaction --master-data=2 --triggers --routines --all-databases --events -u root -p > backup.sql

—master-data=2 該選項(xiàng)將當(dāng)前服務(wù)器的binlog的位置和文件名追加到輸出文件中(show master status). 如果為1, 將偏移量拼接到CHANGE MASTER 命令. 如果為2, 輸出的偏移量信息將會(huì)被注釋。

--all-databases 因?yàn)榛贕TID的復(fù)制會(huì)記錄全部的事務(wù), 所以要構(gòu)建一個(gè)完整的dump這個(gè)選項(xiàng)是推薦的

常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤

當(dāng)從庫(kù)導(dǎo)入SQL的時(shí)候出現(xiàn)

復(fù)制代碼代碼如下:

ERROR 1840 (HY000) at line 24: @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED can only be set when @@GLOBAL.GTID_EXECUTED is empty.

此時(shí)進(jìn)入從庫(kù)的MySQL Command Line, 使用reset master即可

5、啟動(dòng)基于GTID的復(fù)制

現(xiàn)有master@172.20.0.2和slave@172.20.0.3, 并且已經(jīng)通過(guò)mysqldump將數(shù)據(jù)同步至從庫(kù)slave中. 現(xiàn)在在從服務(wù)器slave上配置復(fù)制鏈路

mysql> change master to master_host='master', master_user='repl', master_password='123456', master_auto_position=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.06 sec)

啟動(dòng)復(fù)制

mysql> start slave;

啟動(dòng)成功后查看slave的狀態(tài)

mysql> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
    Slave_IO_State: Queueing master event to the relay log
     Master_Host: master
     Master_User: repl
     Master_Port: 3306
    Connect_Retry: 60
    Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
   Read_Master_Log_Pos: 12793692
    Relay_Log_File: relay-bin.000002
    Relay_Log_Pos: 1027
  Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
    Slave_IO_Running: Yes
   Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    Replicate_Do_DB:
   Replicate_Ignore_DB:
   Replicate_Do_Table:
  Replicate_Ignore_Table:
  Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
 Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
     Last_Errno: 0
     Last_Error:
     Skip_Counter: 0
   Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 814
    Relay_Log_Space: 12794106
    Until_Condition: None
    Until_Log_File:
    Until_Log_Pos: 0
   Master_SSL_Allowed: No
   Master_SSL_CA_File:
   Master_SSL_CA_Path:
    Master_SSL_Cert:
   Master_SSL_Cipher:
    Master_SSL_Key:
  Seconds_Behind_Master: 5096
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
    Last_IO_Errno: 0
    Last_IO_Error:
    Last_SQL_Errno: 0
    Last_SQL_Error:
 Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
    Master_Server_Id: 101
     Master_UUID: a9fd4765-ec70-11e6-b543-0242ac140002
    Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info
     SQL_Delay: 0
   SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
  Slave_SQL_Running_State: Reading event from the relay log
   Master_Retry_Count: 86400
     Master_Bind:
  Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:
  Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:
    Master_SSL_Crl:
   Master_SSL_Crlpath:
   Retrieved_Gtid_Set: a9fd4765-ec70-11e6-b543-0242ac140002:1-39
   Executed_Gtid_Set: a9fd4765-ec70-11e6-b543-0242ac140002:1-4
    Auto_Position: 1
   Replicate_Rewrite_DB:
     Channel_Name:
   Master_TLS_Version:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

當(dāng)Slave_IO_Running, Slave_SQL_Running為YES,

且Slave_SQL_Running_State 為Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates時(shí)表示成功構(gòu)建復(fù)制鏈路

6、總結(jié)

優(yōu)點(diǎn)