/**
 * A thread-safe variant of {@link java.util.ArrayList} in which all mutative
 * operations ({@code add}, {@code set}, and so on) are implemented by
 * making a fresh copy of the underlying array.
 * <p>This is ordinarily too costly, but may be <em>more</em> efficient
 * than alternatives when traversal operations vastly outnumber
 * mutations, and is useful when you cannot or don't want to
 * synchronize traversals, yet need to preclude interference among
 * concurrent threads. The "snapshot" style iterator method uses a
 * reference to the state of the array at the point that the iterator
 * was created. This array never changes during the lifetime of the
 * iterator, so interference is impossible and the iterator is
 * guaranteed not to throw {@code ConcurrentModificationException}.
 * The iterator will not reflect additions, removals, or changes to
 * the list since the iterator was created. Element-changing
 * operations on iterators themselves ({@code remove}, {@code set}, and
 * {@code add}) are not supported. These methods throw
 * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
 **/

  /** The lock protecting all mutators **/
  final transient ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
  /** The array, accessed only via getArray/setArray. **/
  private transient volatile Object[] array;

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
   **/
  public E get(int index) {
    return get(getArray(), index);
  }
  /**
   * Gets the array. Non-private so as to also be accessible
   * from CopyOnWriteArraySet class.
   **/
  final Object[] getArray() {
    return array;
  }
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  private E get(Object[] a, int index) {
    return (E) a[index];
  }

  /**
   * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
   * @param e element to be appended to this list
   * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
   **/
  public boolean add(E e) {
    final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
    lock.lock();
    try {
      Object[] elements = getArray();
      int len = elements.length;
      Object[] newElements = Arrays.copyOf(elements, len + 1);
      newElements[len] = e;
      setArray(newElements);
      return true;
    } finally {
      lock.unlock();
    }
  }
  /**
   * Sets the array.
   **/
  final void setArray(Object[] a) {
    array = a;
  }

public class MyClass {
  static List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
  public static void main(String[] args){
    list.add("a");
    list.add("b");
    list.add("c");
    list.add("d");
    list.add("e");
    list.add("f");
    list.add("g");
    list.add("h");
    //啟動線程1，遍歷數(shù)據(jù)
    new Thread(()->{
      try{
        for(int i = 0; i < list.size();i ++){
          System.out.println(list.get(i));
          Thread.sleep(1000);
        }
      }catch (Exception e){
        e.printStackTrace();
      }
    }).start();
    try{
      //主線程作為線程2，等待2s
      Thread.sleep(2000);
    }catch (Exception e){
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
    //主線程作為線程2，在位置4寫入數(shù)據(jù)，即，在遍歷位置之后寫入數(shù)據(jù)
    list.add(4,"n");
  }
}

public class MyClass {
  static List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
  public static void main(String[] args){
    list.add("a");
    list.add("b");
    list.add("c");
    list.add("d");
    list.add("e");
    list.add("f");
    list.add("g");
    list.add("h");
    //啟動線程1，遍歷數(shù)據(jù)
    new Thread(()->{
      try{
        for(int i = 0; i < list.size();i ++){
          System.out.println(list.get(i));
          Thread.sleep(1000);
        }
      }catch (Exception e){
        e.printStackTrace();
      }
    }).start();
    try{
      //主線程作為線程2，等待2s
      Thread.sleep(2000);
    }catch (Exception e){
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
    //主線程作為線程2，在位置1寫入數(shù)據(jù)，即，在遍歷位置之后寫入數(shù)據(jù)
    list.add(1,"n");
  }
}

  public Iterator<E> iterator() {
    return new COWIterator<E>(getArray(), 0);
  }
  private COWIterator(Object[] elements, int initialCursor) {
      cursor = initialCursor;
      snapshot = elements;
  }