MySQL多表查詢實(shí)例詳解【鏈接查詢、子查詢等】

更新時(shí)間：2019年12月19日 11:30:05 作者：dawn-liu

這篇文章主要介紹了MySQL多表查詢,結(jié)合實(shí)例形式詳細(xì)分析了mysql多表查詢中的鏈接查詢、子查詢等相關(guān)操作技巧與使用注意事項(xiàng),需要的朋友可以參考下

本文實(shí)例講述了MySQL多表查詢。分享給大家供大家參考，具體如下：

準(zhǔn)備工作：準(zhǔn)備兩張表，部門表（department）、員工表（employee）

create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20)
);
create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
age int,
dep_id int
);

#插入數(shù)據(jù)
insert into department values
(200,'技術(shù)'),
(201,'人力資源'),
(202,'銷售'),
(203,'運(yùn)營(yíng)');
insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
('egon','male',18,200),
('alex','female',48,201),
('wupeiqi','male',38,201),
('yuanhao','female',28,202),
('nvshen','male',18,200),
('xiaomage','female',18,204)
;

# 查看表結(jié)構(gòu)和數(shù)據(jù)
mysql> desc department;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id  | int(11)   | YES |   | NULL  |    |
| name | varchar(20) | YES |   | NULL  |    |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.19 sec)

mysql> desc employee;
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra     |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id   | int(11)        | NO  | PRI | NULL  | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(20)      | YES |   | NULL  |        |
| sex  | enum('male','female') | NO  |   | male  |        |
| age  | int(11)        | YES |   | NULL  |        |
| dep_id | int(11)        | YES |   | NULL  |        |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from department;
+------+--------------+
| id  | name     |
+------+--------------+
| 200 | 技術(shù)     |
| 201 | 人力資源   |
| 202 | 銷售     |
| 203 | 運(yùn)營(yíng)     |
+------+--------------+
4 rows in set (0.02 sec)

mysql> select * from employee;
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name   | sex  | age | dep_id |
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | egon   | male  |  18 |  200 |
| 2 | alex   | female |  48 |  201 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male  |  38 |  201 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female |  28 |  202 |
| 5 | nvshen  | male  |  18 |  200 |
| 6 | xiaomage | female |  18 |  204 |
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

ps:觀察兩張表，發(fā)現(xiàn)department表中id=203部門在employee中沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)的員工，發(fā)現(xiàn)employee中id=6的員工在department表中沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。

一多表鏈接查詢

SELECT 字段列表
FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;

（1）先看第一種情況交叉連接：不適用任何匹配條件。生成笛卡爾積.--->重復(fù)最多

mysql> select * from employee,department;
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name   | sex  | age | dep_id | id  | name     |
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| 1 | egon   | male  |  18 |  200 | 200 | 技術(shù)     |
| 1 | egon   | male  |  18 |  200 | 201 | 人力資源   |
| 1 | egon   | male  |  18 |  200 | 202 | 銷售     |
| 1 | egon   | male  |  18 |  200 | 203 | 運(yùn)營(yíng)     |
| 2 | alex   | female |  48 |  201 | 200 | 技術(shù)     |
| 2 | alex   | female |  48 |  201 | 201 | 人力資源   |
| 2 | alex   | female |  48 |  201 | 202 | 銷售     |
| 2 | alex   | female |  48 |  201 | 203 | 運(yùn)營(yíng)     |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male  |  38 |  201 | 200 | 技術(shù)     |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male  |  38 |  201 | 201 | 人力資源   |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male  |  38 |  201 | 202 | 銷售     |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male  |  38 |  201 | 203 | 運(yùn)營(yíng)     |
| 4 | yuanhao | female |  28 |  202 | 200 | 技術(shù)     |
| 4 | yuanhao | female |  28 |  202 | 201 | 人力資源   |
| 4 | yuanhao | female |  28 |  202 | 202 | 銷售     |
| 4 | yuanhao | female |  28 |  202 | 203 | 運(yùn)營(yíng)     |
| 5 | nvshen  | male  |  18 |  200 | 200 | 技術(shù)     |
| 5 | nvshen  | male  |  18 |  200 | 201 | 人力資源   |
| 5 | nvshen  | male  |  18 |  200 | 202 | 銷售     |
| 5 | nvshen  | male  |  18 |  200 | 203 | 運(yùn)營(yíng)     |
| 6 | xiaomage | female |  18 |  204 | 200 | 技術(shù)     |
| 6 | xiaomage | female |  18 |  204 | 201 | 人力資源   |
| 6 | xiaomage | female |  18 |  204 | 202 | 銷售     |
| 6 | xiaomage | female |  18 |  204 | 203 | 運(yùn)營(yíng)     |

（2）內(nèi)連接：只連接匹配的行，以雙方為基準(zhǔn)

#找兩張表共有的部分，相當(dāng)于利用條件從笛卡爾積結(jié)果中篩選出了匹配的結(jié)果
#department沒(méi)有204這個(gè)部門，因而employee表中關(guān)于204這條員工信息沒(méi)有匹配出來(lái)
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+---------+------+--------+--------------+
| id | name  | age | sex  | name     |
+----+---------+------+--------+--------------+
| 1 | egon  |  18 | male  | 技術(shù)     |
| 2 | alex  |  48 | female | 人力資源   |
| 3 | wupeiqi |  38 | male  | 人力資源   |
| 4 | yuanhao |  28 | female | 銷售     |
| 5 | nvshen |  18 | male  | 技術(shù)     |
+----+---------+------+--------+--------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#上述sql等同于
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;

（3）外鏈接之左連接：優(yōu)先顯示左表全部記錄

#以左表為準(zhǔn)，即找出所有員工信息，當(dāng)然包括沒(méi)有部門的員工
#本質(zhì)就是：在內(nèi)連接的基礎(chǔ)上增加左邊有，右邊沒(méi)有的結(jié)果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+----------+--------------+
| id | name   | depart_name |
+----+----------+--------------+
| 1 | egon   | 技術(shù)     |
| 5 | nvshen  | 技術(shù)     |
| 2 | alex   | 人力資源   |
| 3 | wupeiqi | 人力資源   |
| 4 | yuanhao | 銷售     |
| 6 | xiaomage | NULL     |
+----+----------+--------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

（4）外鏈接之右連接：優(yōu)先顯示右表全部記錄

#以右表為準(zhǔn)，即找出所有部門信息，包括沒(méi)有員工的部門
#本質(zhì)就是：在內(nèi)連接的基礎(chǔ)上增加右邊有，左邊沒(méi)有的結(jié)果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+------+---------+--------------+
| id  | name  | depart_name |
+------+---------+--------------+
|  1 | egon  | 技術(shù)     |
|  2 | alex  | 人力資源   |
|  3 | wupeiqi | 人力資源   |
|  4 | yuanhao | 銷售     |
|  5 | nvshen | 技術(shù)     |
| NULL | NULL  | 運(yùn)營(yíng)     |
+------+---------+--------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

（5）全外連接：顯示左右兩個(gè)表全部記錄(了解)

#外連接：在內(nèi)連接的基礎(chǔ)上增加左邊有右邊沒(méi)有的和右邊有左邊沒(méi)有的結(jié)果
#注意：mysql不支持全外連接 full JOIN
#強(qiáng)調(diào)：mysql可以使用此種方式間接實(shí)現(xiàn)全外連接

語(yǔ)法：select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
union all
select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;

 mysql> select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
     union
    select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
      ;
+------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id  | name   | sex  | age | dep_id | id  | name     |
+------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|  1 | egon   | male  |  18 |  200 | 200 | 技術(shù)     |
|  5 | nvshen  | male  |  18 |  200 | 200 | 技術(shù)     |
|  2 | alex   | female |  48 |  201 | 201 | 人力資源   |
|  3 | wupeiqi | male  |  38 |  201 | 201 | 人力資源   |
|  4 | yuanhao | female |  28 |  202 | 202 | 銷售     |
|  6 | xiaomage | female |  18 |  204 | NULL | NULL     |
| NULL | NULL   | NULL  | NULL |  NULL | 203 | 運(yùn)營(yíng)     |
+------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)

#注意 union與union all的區(qū)別：union會(huì)去掉相同的紀(jì)錄

二、符合條件連接查詢

以內(nèi)連接的方式查詢employee和department表，并且employee表中的age字段值必須大于25，即找出年齡大于25歲的員工以及員工所在的部門

select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department
　　on employee.dep_id = department.id
　　where age > 25;

三、子查詢

#1：子查詢是將一個(gè)查詢語(yǔ)句嵌套在另一個(gè)查詢語(yǔ)句中。
#2：內(nèi)層查詢語(yǔ)句的查詢結(jié)果，可以為外層查詢語(yǔ)句提供查詢條件。
#3：子查詢中可以包含：IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等關(guān)鍵字
#4：還可以包含比較運(yùn)算符：= 、 !=、> 、<等

（1）帶in關(guān)鍵字的子查詢

#查詢平均年齡在25歲以上的部門名
select id,name from department
  where id in
    (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);
# 查看技術(shù)部員工姓名
select name from employee
  where dep_id in
    (select id from department where name='技術(shù)');
#查看不足1人的部門名
select name from department
  where id not in
    (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id);

（2）帶比較運(yùn)算符的子查詢

#比較運(yùn)算符：=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
#查詢大于所有人平均年齡的員工名與年齡
mysql> select name,age from employee where age > (select avg(age) from employee);
+---------+------+
| name  | age |
+---------+------+
| alex  |  48 |
| wupeiqi |  38 |
+---------+------+
#查詢大于部門內(nèi)平均年齡的員工名、年齡

思路：

（1）先對(duì)員工表(employee)中的人員分組(group by)，查詢出dep_id以及平均年齡。
(2)將查出的結(jié)果作為臨時(shí)表,再對(duì)根據(jù)臨時(shí)表的dep_id和employee的dep_id作為篩選條件將employee表和臨時(shí)表進(jìn)行內(nèi)連接。
(3)最后再將employee員工的年齡是大于平均年齡的員工名字和年齡篩選。

mysql> select t1.name,t1.age from employee as t1
       inner join
      (select dep_id,avg(age) as avg_age from employee group by dep_id) as t2
      on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
      where t1.age > t2.avg_age;
+------+------+
| name | age |
+------+------+
| alex |  48 |

(3)帶EXISTS關(guān)鍵字的子查詢

#EXISTS關(guān)字鍵字表示存在。在使用EXISTS關(guān)鍵字時(shí)，內(nèi)層查詢語(yǔ)句不返回查詢的記錄。而是返回一個(gè)真假值。True或False
#當(dāng)返回True時(shí)，外層查詢語(yǔ)句將進(jìn)行查詢；當(dāng)返回值為False時(shí)，外層查詢語(yǔ)句不進(jìn)行查詢
#department表中存在dept_id=203，Ture
mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=200);
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name   | sex  | age | dep_id |
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | egon   | male  |  18 |  200 |
| 2 | alex   | female |  48 |  201 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male  |  38 |  201 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female |  28 |  202 |
| 5 | nvshen  | male  |  18 |  200 |
| 6 | xiaomage | female |  18 |  204 |
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+
#department表中存在dept_id=205，F(xiàn)alse
mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=204);
Empty set (0.00 sec)

更多關(guān)于MySQL相關(guān)內(nèi)容感興趣的讀者可查看本站專題：《MySQL查詢技巧大全》、《MySQL常用函數(shù)大匯總》、《MySQL日志操作技巧大全》、《MySQL事務(wù)操作技巧匯總》、《MySQL存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程技巧大全》及《MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)鎖相關(guān)技巧匯總》

希望本文所述對(duì)大家MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)計(jì)有所幫助。

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