C#中HttpWebRequest、WebClient、HttpClient的使用詳解
HttpWebRequest:
命名空間: System.Net,這是.NET創(chuàng)建者最初開發(fā)用于使用HTTP請求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)類。使用HttpWebRequest可以讓開發(fā)者控制請求/響應(yīng)流程的各個方面,如 timeouts, cookies, headers, protocols。另一個好處是HttpWebRequest類不會阻塞UI線程。例如,當(dāng)您從響應(yīng)很慢的API服務(wù)器下載大文件時,您的應(yīng)用程序的UI不會停止響應(yīng)。HttpWebRequest通常和WebResponse一起使用,一個發(fā)送請求,一個獲取數(shù)據(jù)。HttpWebRquest更為底層一些,能夠?qū)φ麄€訪問過程有個直觀的認(rèn)識,但同時也更加復(fù)雜一些。
//POST方法
public static string HttpPost(string Url, string postDataStr)
{
HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(Url);
request.Method = "POST";
request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";
Encoding encoding = Encoding.UTF8;
byte[] postData = encoding.GetBytes(postDataStr);
request.ContentLength = postData.Length;
Stream myRequestStream = request.GetRequestStream();
myRequestStream.Write(postData, 0, postData.Length);
myRequestStream.Close();
HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
Stream myResponseStream = response.GetResponseStream();
StreamReader myStreamReader = new StreamReader(myResponseStream, encoding);
string retString = myStreamReader.ReadToEnd();
myStreamReader.Close();
myResponseStream.Close();
return retString;
}
//GET方法
public static string HttpGet(string Url, string postDataStr)
{
HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(Url + (postDataStr == "" ? "" : "?") + postDataStr);
request.Method = "GET";
request.ContentType = "text/html;charset=UTF-8";
HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
Stream myResponseStream = response.GetResponseStream();
StreamReader myStreamReader = new StreamReader(myResponseStream, Encoding.GetEncoding("utf-8"));
string retString = myStreamReader.ReadToEnd();
myStreamReader.Close();
myResponseStream.Close();
return retString;
}
WebClient:
命名空間System.Net,WebClient是一種更高級別的抽象,是HttpWebRequest為了簡化最常見任務(wù)而創(chuàng)建的,使用過程中你會發(fā)現(xiàn)他缺少基本的header,timeoust的設(shè)置,不過這些可以通過繼承httpwebrequest來實(shí)現(xiàn)。相對來說,WebClient比WebRequest更加簡單,它相當(dāng)于封裝了request和response方法,不過需要說明的是,Webclient和WebRequest繼承的是不同類,兩者在繼承上沒有任何關(guān)系。使用WebClient可能比HttpWebRequest直接使用更慢(大約幾毫秒),但卻更為簡單,減少了很多細(xì)節(jié),代碼量也比較少。
public class WebClientHelper
{
public static string DownloadString(string url)
{
WebClient wc = new WebClient();
//wc.BaseAddress = url; //設(shè)置根目錄
wc.Encoding = Encoding.UTF8; //設(shè)置按照何種編碼訪問,如果不加此行,獲取到的字符串中文將是亂碼
string str = wc.DownloadString(url);
return str;
}
public static string DownloadStreamString(string url)
{
WebClient wc = new WebClient();
wc.Headers.Add("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.132 Safari/537.36");
Stream objStream = wc.OpenRead(url);
StreamReader _read = new StreamReader(objStream, Encoding.UTF8); //新建一個讀取流,用指定的編碼讀取,此處是utf-8
string str = _read.ReadToEnd();
objStream.Close();
_read.Close();
return str;
}
public static void DownloadFile(string url, string filename)
{
WebClient wc = new WebClient();
wc.DownloadFile(url, filename); //下載文件
}
public static void DownloadData(string url, string filename)
{
WebClient wc = new WebClient();
byte [] bytes = wc.DownloadData(url); //下載到字節(jié)數(shù)組
FileStream fs = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Create);
fs.Write(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
fs.Flush();
fs.Close();
}
public static void DownloadFileAsync(string url, string filename)
{
WebClient wc = new WebClient();
wc.DownloadFileCompleted += DownCompletedEventHandler;
wc.DownloadFileAsync(new Uri(url), filename);
Console.WriteLine("下載中。。。");
}
private static void DownCompletedEventHandler(object sender, AsyncCompletedEventArgs e)
{
Console.WriteLine(sender.ToString()); //觸發(fā)事件的對象
Console.WriteLine(e.UserState);
Console.WriteLine(e.Cancelled);
Console.WriteLine("異步下載完成!");
}
public static void DownloadFileAsync2(string url, string filename)
{
WebClient wc = new WebClient();
wc.DownloadFileCompleted += (sender, e) =>
{
Console.WriteLine("下載完成!");
Console.WriteLine(sender.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(e.UserState);
Console.WriteLine(e.Cancelled);
};
wc.DownloadFileAsync(new Uri(url), filename);
Console.WriteLine("下載中。。。");
}
}
HttpClient:
HttpClient是.NET4.5引入的一個HTTP客戶端庫,其命名空間為 System.Net.Http ,.NET 4.5之前我們可能使用WebClient和HttpWebRequest來達(dá)到相同目的。HttpClient利用了最新的面向任務(wù)模式,使得處理異步請求非常容易。它適合用于多次請求操作,一般設(shè)置好默認(rèn)頭部后,可以進(jìn)行重復(fù)多次的請求,基本上用一個實(shí)例可以提交任何的HTTP請求。HttpClient有預(yù)熱機(jī)制,第一次進(jìn)行訪問時比較慢,所以不應(yīng)該用到HttpClient就new一個出來,應(yīng)該使用單例或其他方式獲取HttpClient的實(shí)例
單例模式:
單例模式(Singleton Pattern)這種類型的設(shè)計(jì)模式屬于創(chuàng)建型模式,它提供了一種創(chuàng)建對象的最佳方式。
這種模式涉及到一個單一的類,該類負(fù)責(zé)創(chuàng)建自己的對象,同時確保只有單個對象被創(chuàng)建。這個類提供了一種訪問其唯一的對象的方式,可以直接訪問,不需要實(shí)例化該類的對象。
單例創(chuàng)建步驟:1、定義靜態(tài)私有對象;2、定義私有構(gòu)造函數(shù);3、提供公共獲取對象方法;
單例模式一般分為兩種實(shí)現(xiàn)模式:懶漢模式、餓漢模式(以下為Java代碼實(shí)現(xiàn))
懶漢模式: 默認(rèn)不會實(shí)例化,什么時候用什么時候new
public class Singleton {
private static Singleton instance = null;
private Singleton (){}
public static Singleton getInstance() {
if (instance == null) {
instance = new Singleton();
}
return instance;
}
}
這種方式是最基本的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式,這種實(shí)現(xiàn)最大的問題就是不支持多線程。因?yàn)闆]有加鎖 synchronized,所以嚴(yán)格意義上它并不算單例模式。
這種方式 lazy loading 很明顯,不要求線程安全,在多線程不能正常工作。
餓漢模式: 類初始化時,會立即加載該對象,線程天生安全,調(diào)用效率高
public class Singleton {
private static Singleton instance = new Singleton();
private Singleton (){}
public static Singleton getInstance() {
return instance;
}
}
雙檢鎖/雙重校驗(yàn)鎖(DCL,即 double-checked locking):這種方式采用雙鎖機(jī)制,安全且在多線程情況下能保持高性能
public class Singleton {
private volatile static Singleton singleton;
private Singleton (){}
public static Singleton getSingleton() {
if (singleton == null) {
synchronized (Singleton.class) {
if (singleton == null) {
singleton = new Singleton();
}
}
}
return singleton;
}
}
HttpClient:
public class HttpClientHelper
{
private static readonly object LockObj = new object();
private static HttpClient client = null;
public HttpClientHelper() {
GetInstance();
}
public static HttpClient GetInstance()
{
if (client == null)
{
lock (LockObj)
{
if (client == null)
{
client = new HttpClient();
}
}
}
return client;
}
public async Task<string> PostAsync(string url, string strJson)//post異步請求方法
{
try
{
HttpContent content = new StringContent(strJson);
content.Headers.ContentType = new System.Net.Http.Headers.MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json");
//由HttpClient發(fā)出異步Post請求
HttpResponseMessage res = await client.PostAsync(url, content);
if (res.StatusCode == System.Net.HttpStatusCode.OK)
{
string str = res.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
return str;
}
else
return null;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
return null;
}
}
public string Post(string url, string strJson)//post同步請求方法
{
try
{
HttpContent content = new StringContent(strJson);
content.Headers.ContentType = new System.Net.Http.Headers.MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json");
//client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Connection.Add("keep-alive");
//由HttpClient發(fā)出Post請求
Task<HttpResponseMessage> res = client.PostAsync(url, content);
if (res.Result.StatusCode == System.Net.HttpStatusCode.OK)
{
string str = res.Result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
return str;
}
else
return null;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
return null;
}
}
public string Get(string url)
{
try
{
var responseString = client.GetStringAsync(url);
return responseString.Result;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
return null;
}
}
}
HttpClient有預(yù)熱機(jī)制,第一次請求比較慢;可以通過初始化前發(fā)送一次head請求解決:
_httpClient = new HttpClient() { BaseAddress = new Uri(BASE_ADDRESS) };
//幫HttpClient熱身
_httpClient.SendAsync(new HttpRequestMessage {
Method = new HttpMethod("HEAD"),
RequestUri = new Uri(BASE_ADDRESS + "/") })
.Result.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
三者區(qū)別列表:

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