Spring中bean的初始化和銷毀幾種實(shí)現(xiàn)方式詳解

更新時(shí)間：2020年11月06日 11:21:42 作者：流煙默

這篇文章主要介紹了Spring中bean的初始化和銷毀幾種實(shí)現(xiàn)方式詳解,文中通過(guò)示例代碼介紹的非常詳細(xì)，對(duì)大家的學(xué)習(xí)或者工作具有一定的參考學(xué)習(xí)價(jià)值，需要的朋友們下面隨著小編來(lái)一起學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧

Bean的生命周期：創(chuàng)建bean對(duì)象 – 屬性賦值 – 初始化方法調(diào)用前的操作 – 初始化方法 – 初始化方法調(diào)用后的操作 – …-- 銷毀前操作 – 銷毀方法的調(diào)用。

【1】init-method和destroy-method

自定義初始化方法和銷毀方法兩種方式：xml配置和注解。

① xml配置

<bean id="person" 
  class="com.core.Person" scope="singleton" 
  init-method="init" destroy-method="cleanUp"
  autowire="byName" lazy-init="true" > 
</bean>

② 注解配置

	@Scope("singleton")
  @Lazy
  @Bean(name="person",initMethod="init",destroyMethod="cleanUp",
  autowire=Autowire.BY_NAME)
  public Person person01(){
    return new Person("lisi", 20);
  }

單實(shí)例bean在容器創(chuàng)建完成前會(huì)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)建并初始化，在容器銷毀的時(shí)候進(jìn)行銷毀。多實(shí)例bean(scope=prototype)在第一次獲取該bean實(shí)例時(shí)才會(huì)創(chuàng)建并初始化，且容器不負(fù)責(zé)該bean的銷毀。

【2】InitializingBean 和DisposableBean

InitializingBean 接口：

public interface InitializingBean {
	void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception;
}

在BeanFactory設(shè)置完bean屬性后執(zhí)行

需要被bean實(shí)現(xiàn)的接口，一旦bean的屬性被BeanFactory設(shè)置后需要做出反應(yīng)：如，執(zhí)行自定義初始化，或者僅僅是檢查是否設(shè)置了所有強(qiáng)制屬性。

實(shí)現(xiàn)InitializingBean 的可替代方式為給bean指定一個(gè)自定義的init-method，例如在一個(gè)xml bean 定義中。

在bean的屬性設(shè)置之后進(jìn)行操作，不返回任何值但是允許拋出異常。

DisposableBean接口：

public interface DisposableBean {
	void destroy() throws Exception;
}

被bean實(shí)現(xiàn)的接口，在銷毀時(shí)釋放資源,在Bean銷毀的時(shí)候調(diào)用該方法。

如果銷毀一個(gè)緩存的單例，一個(gè)BeanFactory 可能會(huì)調(diào)用這個(gè)銷毀方法。

在容器關(guān)閉時(shí)，應(yīng)用上下文會(huì)銷毀所有的單例bean。

一種替代實(shí)現(xiàn)DisposableBean 接口的方案為指定一個(gè)自定義的destroy-method方法，例如在一個(gè)xml bean定義中。

自定義bean實(shí)現(xiàn)上述兩個(gè)接口

@Component
public class Cat implements InitializingBean,DisposableBean {
	
	public Cat(){
		System.out.println("cat constructor...");
	}

	@Override
	public void destroy() throws Exception {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("cat...destroy...");
	}

	@Override
	public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("cat...afterPropertiesSet...");
	}

}

測(cè)試結(jié)果

cat constructor...
cat...afterPropertiesSet...
容器創(chuàng)建完成...
四月 08, 2018 6:35:46 下午 org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
doClose
信息: Closing org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext@11028347:
startup date [Sun Apr 08 18:35:46 CST 2018]; root of context hierarchy
cat...destroy...

【3】@PostConstruct和@PreDestroy

使用JSR250規(guī)范定義的兩個(gè)注解：

@PostConstruct： PostConstruct注解作用在方法上，在依賴注入完成后進(jìn)行一些初始化操作。這個(gè)方法在類被放入service之前被調(diào)用，所有支持依賴項(xiàng)注入的類都必須支持此注解。

@PreDestroy：在容器銷毀bean之前通知我們進(jìn)行清理工作

自定義類使用上述兩個(gè)注解

@Component
public class Dog implements ApplicationContextAware {
	
	//@Autowired
	private ApplicationContext applicationContext;
	
	public Dog(){
		System.out.println("dog constructor...");
	}
	
	//對(duì)象創(chuàng)建并賦值之后調(diào)用
	@PostConstruct
	public void init(){
		System.out.println("Dog....@PostConstruct...");
	}
	
	//容器移除對(duì)象之前
	@PreDestroy
	public void detory(){
		System.out.println("Dog....@PreDestroy...");
	}

	@Override
	public void setApplicationContext(ApplicationContext applicationContext) throws BeansException {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		this.applicationContext = applicationContext;
	}

}

測(cè)試結(jié)果如下

dog constructor...
Dog....@PostConstruct...
容器創(chuàng)建完成...
四月 08, 2018 6:42:11 下午 org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
doClose
信息: Closing org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext@11028347:
startup date [Sun Apr 08 18:42:10 CST 2018]; root of context hierarchy
Dog....@PreDestroy...

【4】BeanPostProcessor-Bean后置處理器

① 什么是bean后置處理器

在bean初始化前后進(jìn)行一些處理工作

postProcessBeforeInitialization:在初始化之前工作
postProcessAfterInitialization:在初始化之后工作

其接口源碼如下：

public interface BeanPostProcessor {

	Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException;
	
	Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException;
}

自定義MyBeanPostProcessor實(shí)現(xiàn)該接口：

/**
 * 后置處理器：初始化前后進(jìn)行處理工作
 * 將后置處理器加入到容器中
 * @author lfy
 */
@Component
public class MyBeanPostProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {

	@Override
	public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
	System.out.println("BeanPostProcessor.postProcessBeforeInitialization..."+beanName+"=>"+bean);
		return bean;
	}

	@Override
	public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("BeanPostProcessor.postProcessAfterInitialization..."+beanName+"=>"+bean);
		return bean;
	}

}

② BeanPostProcessor原理

AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory中關(guān)于bean和BeanPostProcessor執(zhí)行次序由上到下

//給bean進(jìn)行屬性賦值
populateBean(beanName, mbd, instanceWrapper);
//然后調(diào)用initializeBean方法
Object initializeBean(final String beanName, final Object bean, RootBeanDefinition mbd)
{
	applyBeanPostProcessorsBeforeInitialization(wrappedBean, beanName);
	//執(zhí)行自定義初始化
	invokeInitMethods(beanName, wrappedBean, mbd);
	applyBeanPostProcessorsAfterInitialization(wrappedBean, beanName);
}

AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.initializeBean源碼如下：

protected Object initializeBean(final String beanName, final Object bean, RootBeanDefinition mbd) {
		if (System.getSecurityManager() != null) {
			AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
				@Override
				public Object run() {
					invokeAwareMethods(beanName, bean);
					return null;
				}
			}, getAccessControlContext());
		}
		else {
		//調(diào)用意識(shí)/通知方法
			invokeAwareMethods(beanName, bean);
		}

		Object wrappedBean = bean;
		if (mbd == null || !mbd.isSynthetic()) {
		//調(diào)用bean后置處理器的前置方法
			wrappedBean = applyBeanPostProcessorsBeforeInitialization(wrappedBean, beanName);
		}
		//調(diào)用初始化方法
		try {
			invokeInitMethods(beanName, wrappedBean, mbd);
		}
		catch (Throwable ex) {
			throw new BeanCreationException(
					(mbd != null ? mbd.getResourceDescription() : null),
					beanName, "Invocation of init method failed", ex);
		}

		if (mbd == null || !mbd.isSynthetic()) {
		//	//調(diào)用bean后置處理器的后置方法
			wrappedBean = applyBeanPostProcessorsAfterInitialization(wrappedBean, beanName);
		}
		return wrappedBean;
	}

AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.invokeInitMethods方法源碼如下：

protected void invokeInitMethods(String beanName, final Object bean, RootBeanDefinition mbd)
			throws Throwable {

		boolean isInitializingBean = (bean instanceof InitializingBean);
		if (isInitializingBean && (mbd == null || !mbd.isExternallyManagedInitMethod("afterPropertiesSet"))) {
			if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
				logger.debug("Invoking afterPropertiesSet() on bean with name '" + beanName + "'");
			}
			//調(diào)用InitializingBean.afterPropertiesSet
			if (System.getSecurityManager() != null) {
				try {
					AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedExceptionAction<Object>() {
						@Override
						public Object run() throws Exception {
							((InitializingBean) bean).afterPropertiesSet();
							return null;
						}
					}, getAccessControlContext());
				}
				catch (PrivilegedActionException pae) {
					throw pae.getException();
				}
			}
			else {
				((InitializingBean) bean).afterPropertiesSet();
			}
		}
//調(diào)用自定義初始化方法
		if (mbd != null) {
			String initMethodName = mbd.getInitMethodName();
			if (initMethodName != null && !(isInitializingBean && "afterPropertiesSet".equals(initMethodName)) &&
					!mbd.isExternallyManagedInitMethod(initMethodName)) {
				invokeCustomInitMethod(beanName, bean, mbd);
			}
		}
	}

【5】Spring底層使用BeanPostProcessor

Spring框架底層存在大量BeanPostProcessor，如下圖：

這里寫圖片描述

示例一：BeanValidationPostProcessor是處理bean校驗(yàn)

其Javadoc如下：

/**
 * Simple {@link BeanPostProcessor} that checks JSR-303 constraint annotations
 * in Spring-managed beans, throwing an initialization exception in case of
 * constraint violations right before calling the bean's init method (if any).
 *
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @since 3.0
 */
public class BeanValidationPostProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor, InitializingBean {

	private Validator validator;

	private boolean afterInitialization = false;
	//...
}

示例二：ApplicationContextAwareProcessor幫助獲取容器上下文

其Javadoc如下：

/**
 * {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor}
 * implementation that passes the ApplicationContext to beans that
 * implement the {@link EnvironmentAware}, {@link EmbeddedValueResolverAware},
 * {@link ResourceLoaderAware}, {@link ApplicationEventPublisherAware},
 * {@link MessageSourceAware} and/or {@link ApplicationContextAware} interfaces.
 *
 * <p>Implemented interfaces are satisfied in order of their mention above.
 *
 * <p>Application contexts will automatically register this with their
 * underlying bean factory. Applications do not use this directly.
 *
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @author Costin Leau
 * @author Chris Beams
 * @since 10.10.2003
 * @see org.springframework.context.EnvironmentAware
 * @see org.springframework.context.EmbeddedValueResolverAware
 * @see org.springframework.context.ResourceLoaderAware
 * @see org.springframework.context.ApplicationEventPublisherAware
 * @see org.springframework.context.MessageSourceAware
 * @see org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextAware
 * @see org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext#refresh()
 */
class ApplicationContextAwareProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {

	private final ConfigurableApplicationContext applicationContext;

	private final StringValueResolver embeddedValueResolver;
	//...
}

如【3】中的dog類為例，其debug示意圖如下：

這里寫圖片描述

【6】初始化和銷毀方式測(cè)試

① 如果一個(gè)bean 綜合應(yīng)用下面六種種方式，執(zhí)行順序會(huì)怎樣呢

Bean類如下：

public class Person implements InitializingBean,DisposableBean {
  private String name;
  private Integer age=1;

  public Person(String name, Integer age) {
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    System.out.println("Person(String name, Integer age) constructor"+this);
  }
  public Person() {
    super();
    System.out.println("Person() constructor"+age);
  }

  public Integer getAge() {
    return age;
  }

  public void setAge(Integer age) {
    this.age = age;
  }

  public String getName() {
    return name;
  }

  public void setName(String name) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return "Person{" +
        "name='" + name + '\'' +
        ", age=" + age +
        '}';
  }
	// 自定義init方法
  public void init(){
    System.out.println("-----Person.init()-----"+this);
  }
  // 自定義銷毀方法
  public void cleanUp(){
    System.out.println("-----Person.cleanUp()-----"+this);
  }
	// InitializingBean的實(shí)現(xiàn)方法
  @Override
  public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
    System.out.println("-----InitializingBean.afterPropertiesSet()-----"+this);
  }
	//DisposableBean 的實(shí)現(xiàn)方法
  @Override
  public void destroy() throws Exception {
    System.out.println("-----DisposableBean.destroy()-----"+this);
  }

  //對(duì)象創(chuàng)建并賦值之后調(diào)用
  @PostConstruct
  public void init2(){
    System.out.println("-----@PostConstruct-----"+this);
  }

  //容器移除對(duì)象之前
  @PreDestroy
  public void destory2(){
    System.out.println("-----@PreDestroy-----"+this);
  }
}

配置類如下：

public class Person implements InitializingBean,DisposableBean {
  private String name;
  private Integer age=1;

  public Person(String name, Integer age) {
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    System.out.println("Person(String name, Integer age) constructor"+this);
  }
  public Person() {
    super();
    System.out.println("Person() constructor"+age);
  }

  public Integer getAge() {
    return age;
  }

  public void setAge(Integer age) {
    this.age = age;
  }

  public String getName() {
    return name;
  }

  public void setName(String name) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return "Person{" +
        "name='" + name + '\'' +
        ", age=" + age +
        '}';
  }
	// 自定義init方法
  public void init(){
    System.out.println("-----Person.init()-----"+this);
  }
  // 自定義銷毀方法
  public void cleanUp(){
    System.out.println("-----Person.cleanUp()-----"+this);
  }
	// InitializingBean的實(shí)現(xiàn)方法
  @Override
  public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
    System.out.println("-----InitializingBean.afterPropertiesSet()-----"+this);
  }
	//DisposableBean 的實(shí)現(xiàn)方法
  @Override
  public void destroy() throws Exception {
    System.out.println("-----DisposableBean.destroy()-----"+this);
  }

  //對(duì)象創(chuàng)建并賦值之后調(diào)用
  @PostConstruct
  public void init2(){
    System.out.println("-----@PostConstruct-----"+this);
  }

  //容器移除對(duì)象之前
  @PreDestroy
  public void destory2(){
    System.out.println("-----@PreDestroy-----"+this);
  }
}

測(cè)試結(jié)果如下：

// 創(chuàng)建并初始化
Person(String name, Integer age) constructorPerson{name='lisi', age=20}
-----@PostConstruct-----Person{name='lisi', age=20}
-----InitializingBean.afterPropertiesSet()-----Person{name='lisi', age=20}
-----Person.init()-----Person{name='lisi', age=20}

//容器將要銷毀
-----@PreDestroy-----Person{name='lisi', age=20}
-----DisposableBean.destroy()-----Person{name='lisi', age=20}
-----Person.cleanUp()-----Person{name='lisi', age=20}

即，最先使用bean的構(gòu)造器為bean屬性賦值，接著JSR250規(guī)范定義的兩個(gè)注解，其次是InitializingBean和DisposableBean接口，最后才是我們自定義的初始化方法和銷毀方法。注意，這里還沒(méi)有引入BeanPostProcessor。

② 在①的基礎(chǔ)上添加BeanPostProcessor

實(shí)例化bean并進(jìn)行初始化

//調(diào)用構(gòu)造方法
Person(String name, Integer age) constructorPerson{name='lisi', age=20}
//bean初始化前
BeanPostProcessor.postProcessBeforeInitialization...person=>Person{name='lisi', age=20}
//初始化操作
-----@PostConstruct-----Person{name='lisi', age=20}
-----InitializingBean.afterPropertiesSet()-----Person{name='lisi', age=20}
-----Person.init()-----Person{name='lisi', age=20}
//bean初始化后操作
BeanPostProcessor.postProcessAfterInitialization...person=>Person{name='lisi', age=20}

過(guò)程如下：類構(gòu)造函數(shù)-->BeanPostProcessor-->@PostConstruct-->InitializingBean-->init()-->BeanPostProcessor

銷毀bean

-----@PreDestroy-----Person{name='lisi', age=20}
-----DisposableBean.destroy()-----Person{name='lisi', age=20}
-----Person.cleanUp()-----Person{name='lisi', age=20}

完整圖示如下(同顏色的說(shuō)明相對(duì)應(yīng))：

在這里插入圖片描述