throw exceptionData;

char str[] = "http://c.biancheng.net";
char *pstr = str;
class Base{};
Base obj;
throw 100;  //int 類型
throw str;  //數(shù)組類型
throw pstr;  //指針類型
throw obj;  //對(duì)象類型

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
//自定義的異常類型
class OutOfRange{
public:
    OutOfRange(): m_flag(1){ };
    OutOfRange(int len, int index): m_len(len), m_index(index), m_flag(2){ }
public:
    void what() const;  //獲取具體的錯(cuò)誤信息
private:
    int m_flag;  //不同的flag表示不同的錯(cuò)誤
    int m_len;  //當(dāng)前數(shù)組的長(zhǎng)度
    int m_index;  //當(dāng)前使用的數(shù)組下標(biāo)
};
void OutOfRange::what() const {
    if(m_flag == 1){
        cout<<"Error: empty array, no elements to pop."<<endl;
    }else if(m_flag == 2){
        cout<<"Error: out of range( array length "<<m_len<<", access index "<<m_index<<" )"<<endl;
    }else{
        cout<<"Unknown exception."<<endl;
    }
}
//實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)組
class Array{
public:
    Array();
    ~Array(){ free(m_p); };
public:
    int operator[](int i) const;  //獲取數(shù)組元素
    int push(int ele);  //在末尾插入數(shù)組元素
    int pop();  //在末尾刪除數(shù)組元素
    int length() const{ return m_len; };  //獲取數(shù)組長(zhǎng)度
private:
    int m_len;  //數(shù)組長(zhǎng)度
    int m_capacity;  //當(dāng)前的內(nèi)存能容納多少個(gè)元素
    int *m_p;  //內(nèi)存指針
private:
    static const int m_stepSize = 50;  //每次擴(kuò)容的步長(zhǎng)
};
Array::Array(){
    m_p = (int*)malloc( sizeof(int) * m_stepSize );
    m_capacity = m_stepSize;
    m_len = 0;
}
int Array::operator[](int index) const {
    if( index<0 || index>=m_len ){  //判斷是否越界
        throw OutOfRange(m_len, index);  //拋出異常（創(chuàng)建一個(gè)匿名對(duì)象）
    }
    return *(m_p + index);
}
int Array::push(int ele){
    if(m_len >= m_capacity){  //如果容量不足就擴(kuò)容
        m_capacity += m_stepSize;
        m_p = (int*)realloc( m_p, sizeof(int) * m_capacity );  //擴(kuò)容
    }
    *(m_p + m_len) = ele;
    m_len++;
    return m_len-1;
}
int Array::pop(){
    if(m_len == 0){
         throw OutOfRange();  //拋出異常（創(chuàng)建一個(gè)匿名對(duì)象）
    }
    m_len--;
    return *(m_p + m_len);
}
//打印數(shù)組元素
void printArray(Array &arr){
    int len = arr.length();
    //判斷數(shù)組是否為空
    if(len == 0){
        cout<<"Empty array! No elements to print."<<endl;
        return;
    }
    for(int i=0; i<len; i++){
        if(i == len-1){
            cout<<arr[i]<<endl;
        }else{
            cout<<arr[i]<<", ";
        }
    }
}
int main(){
    Array nums;
    //向數(shù)組中添加十個(gè)元素
    for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
        nums.push(i);
    }
    printArray(nums);
    //嘗試訪問第20個(gè)元素
    try{
        cout<<nums[20]<<endl;
    }catch(OutOfRange &e){
        e.what();
    }
    //嘗試彈出20個(gè)元素
    try{
        for(int i=0; i<20; i++){
            nums.pop();
        }
    }catch(OutOfRange &e){
        e.what();
    }
    printArray(nums);
    return 0;
}

double func (char param) throw (int, char, exception);

double func (char param) throw ();

class Base{
public:
    virtual int fun1(int) throw();
    virtual int fun2(int) throw(int);
    virtual string fun3() throw(int, string);
};
class Derived:public Base{
public:
    int fun1(int) throw(int);   //錯(cuò)！異常規(guī)范不如 throw() 嚴(yán)格
    int fun2(int) throw(int);   //對(duì)！有相同的異常規(guī)范
    string fun3() throw(string);  //對(duì)！異常規(guī)范比 throw(int,string) 更嚴(yán)格
}

//錯(cuò)！定義中有異常規(guī)范，聲明中沒有
void func1();
void func1() throw(int) { }
//錯(cuò)！定義和聲明中的異常規(guī)范不一致
void func2() throw(int);
void func2() throw(int, bool) { }
//對(duì)！定義和聲明中的異常規(guī)范嚴(yán)格一致
void func3() throw(float, char*);
void func3() throw(float, char*) { }

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <exception>
using namespace std;
void func()throw(char*, exception){
    throw 100;
    cout<<"[1]This statement will not be executed."<<endl;
}
int main(){
    try{
        func();
    }catch(int){
        cout<<"Exception type: int"<<endl;
    }
    return 0;
}