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Java 多線程之間共享數(shù)據(jù)

更新時(shí)間：2021年10月27日 15:33:18 作者：冬日毛毛雨

這篇文章主要介紹了Java 多線程之間共享數(shù)據(jù)，圍繞Java 多線程之間共享數(shù)據(jù)展開文章內(nèi)容線程范圍的共享變量、使用Map實(shí)現(xiàn)線程范圍內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)的共享、ThreadLocal實(shí)現(xiàn)線程范圍內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)的共享,需要的朋友可以參考一下

1、線程范圍的共享變量

多個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)模塊針對(duì)同一個(gè)static變量的操作要保證在不同線程中各模塊操作的是自身對(duì)應(yīng)的變量對(duì)象

public class ThreadScopeSharaData {

    private static  int data = 0 ;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for(int i = 0 ;i<2 ;i++){
            new Thread(new Runnable(){

                @Override
                public void run() {
                    data = new Random().nextInt();
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+ " put random data:"+data);
                    new A().get() ;
                    new B().get() ;
                }

            }).start() ;
        }

    }

    static class A {
        public int get(){
            System.out.println("A from " + Thread.currentThread().getName()
                    + " get data :" + data);
            return data ;
        }
    }

    static class B{
        public int get(){
            System.out.println("B from " + Thread.currentThread().getName()
                    + " get data :" + data);
            return data ;
        }
    }
}

模塊A ，B都需要訪問static的變量data 在線程0中會(huì)隨機(jī)生成一個(gè)data值假設(shè)為10 那么此時(shí)模塊A和模塊B在線程0中得到的data的值為10 ；在線程1中假設(shè)會(huì)為data賦值為20 那么在當(dāng)前線程下

模塊A和模塊B得到data的值應(yīng)該為20

看程序執(zhí)行的結(jié)果：

Thread-0 put random data:-2009009251
Thread-1 put random data:-2009009251
A from Thread-0 get data :-2009009251
A from Thread-1 get data :-2009009251
B from Thread-0 get data :-2009009251
B from Thread-1 get data :-2009009251

Thread-0 put random data:-2045829602
Thread-1 put random data:-1842611697
A from Thread-0 get data :-1842611697
A from Thread-1 get data :-1842611697
B from Thread-0 get data :-1842611697
B from Thread-1 get data :-1842611697

會(huì)出現(xiàn)兩種情況：

1.由于線程執(zhí)行速度，新的隨機(jī)值將就的隨機(jī)值覆蓋 data 值一樣
2.data 值不一樣，但 A、B線程都

2、使用Map實(shí)現(xiàn)線程范圍內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)的共享

可是將data數(shù)據(jù)和當(dāng)前允許的線程綁定在一塊，在模塊A和模塊B去獲取數(shù)據(jù)data的時(shí)候是通過當(dāng)前所屬的線程去取得data的結(jié)果就行了。
聲明一個(gè)Map集合集合的Key為Thread 存儲(chǔ)當(dāng)前所屬線程 Value 保存data的值，

代碼如下：

public class ThreadScopeSharaData {


    private static Map<Thread, Integer> threadData = new HashMap<>();

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
            new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    int data = new Random().nextInt();
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " put random data:" + data);
                    threadData.put(Thread.currentThread(), data);
                    new A().get();
                    new B().get();

                }
            }).start();

        }

    }

    static class A {
        public void get() {
            int data = threadData.get(Thread.currentThread());

            System.out.println("A from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get data:" + data);

        }
    }

    static class B {
        public void get() {
            int data = threadData.get(Thread.currentThread());
            System.out.println("B from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get data:" + data);

        }
    }
}

Thread-0 put random data:-123490895
Thread-1 put random data:-1060992440
A from Thread-0 get data:-123490895
A from Thread-1 get data:-1060992440
B from Thread-0 get data:-123490895
B from Thread-1 get data:-1060992440

3、ThreadLocal實(shí)現(xiàn)線程范圍內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)的共享

(1)訂單處理包含一系列操作：減少庫存量、增加一條流水臺(tái)賬、修改總賬，這幾個(gè)操作要在同一個(gè)事務(wù)中完成，通常也即同一個(gè)線程中進(jìn)行處理，如果累加公司應(yīng)收款的操作失敗了，則應(yīng)該把前面的操作回滾，否則，提交所有操作，這要求這些操作使用相同的數(shù)據(jù)庫連接對(duì)象，而這些操作的代碼分別位于不同的模塊類中。

(2)銀行轉(zhuǎn)賬包含一系列操作：把轉(zhuǎn)出帳戶的余額減少，把轉(zhuǎn)入帳戶的余額增加，這兩個(gè)操作要在同一個(gè)事務(wù)中完成，它們必須使用相同的數(shù)據(jù)庫連接對(duì)象，轉(zhuǎn)入和轉(zhuǎn)出操作的代碼分別是兩個(gè)不同的帳戶對(duì)象的方法。

(3)例如Strut2的ActionContext，同一段代碼被不同的線程調(diào)用運(yùn)行時(shí)，該代碼操作的數(shù)據(jù)是每個(gè)線程各自的狀態(tài)和數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)于不同的線程來說，getContext方法拿到的對(duì)象都不相同，對(duì)同一個(gè)線程來說，不管調(diào)用getContext方法多少次和在哪個(gè)模塊中getContext方法，拿到的都是同一個(gè)。

(4)實(shí)驗(yàn)案例：定義一個(gè)全局共享的ThreadLocal變量，然后啟動(dòng)多個(gè)線程向該ThreadLocal變量中存儲(chǔ)一個(gè)隨機(jī)值，接著各個(gè)線程調(diào)用另外其他多個(gè)類的方法，這多個(gè)類的方法中讀取這個(gè)ThreadLocal變量的值，就可以看到多個(gè)類在同一個(gè)線程中共享同一份數(shù)據(jù)。

(5)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)ThreadLocal變量的封裝，讓外界不要直接操作ThreadLocal變量。

對(duì)基本類型的數(shù)據(jù)的封裝，這種應(yīng)用相對(duì)很少見。
對(duì)對(duì)象類型的數(shù)據(jù)的封裝，比較常見，即讓某個(gè)類針對(duì)不同線程分別創(chuàng)建一個(gè)獨(dú)立的實(shí)例對(duì)象。

public class ThreadLocalTest {

    private static ThreadLocal<Integer> threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<>();

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
            new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    int data = new Random().nextInt();
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " put random data:" + data);
                    threadLocal.set(data);
                    new A().get();
                    new B().get();

                }
            }).start();

        }

    }

    static class A {
        public void get() {
            int data = threadLocal.get();

            System.out.println("A from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get data:" + data);

        }
    }

    static class B {
        public void get() {
            int data = threadLocal.get();
            System.out.println("B from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get data:" + data);

        }
    }
}

Thread-0 put random data:-2015900409
Thread-1 put random data:-645411160
A from Thread-0 get data:-2015900409
A from Thread-1 get data:-645411160
B from Thread-0 get data:-2015900409
B from Thread-1 get data:-645411160

4、優(yōu)化

public class ThreadLocalTest {

    private static ThreadLocal<Integer> threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<>();

    //private static ThreadLocal<MyThreadScopeData> myThreadScopeDataThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<>();


    public static void main(String[] args) {

        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
            new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    int data = new Random().nextInt();
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " put random data:" + data);
                    threadLocal.set(data);

//                    MyThreadScopeData myThreadScopeData = new MyThreadScopeData();
//                    myThreadScopeData.setName("name" + data);
//                    myThreadScopeData.setAge(data);
//                    myThreadScopeDataThreadLocal.set(myThreadScopeData);

                    //獲取與當(dāng)前線程綁定的實(shí)例并設(shè)置值  
                    MyThreadScopeData.getThreadInstance().setName("name" + data);
                    MyThreadScopeData.getThreadInstance().setAge(data);
                    new A().get();
                    new B().get();

                }
            }).start();

        }

    }

    static class A {
        public void get() {
            int data = threadLocal.get();


//            MyThreadScopeData myData = myThreadScopeDataThreadLocal.get();
//
//
//            System.out.println("A from " + Thread.currentThread().getName()
//                    + " getMyData: " + myData.getName() + "," + myData.getAge());

            MyThreadScopeData myData = MyThreadScopeData.getThreadInstance();
            System.out.println("A from " + Thread.currentThread().getName()
                    + " getMyData: " + myData.getName() + "," + myData.getAge());
        }
    }

    static class B {
        public void get() {
            int data = threadLocal.get();
            //System.out.println("B from " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get data:" + data);

            MyThreadScopeData myData = MyThreadScopeData.getThreadInstance();
            System.out.println("B from " + Thread.currentThread().getName()
                    + " getMyData: " + myData.getName() + "," + myData.getAge());
        }
    }
}

//一個(gè)綁定當(dāng)前線程的類
class MyThreadScopeData {

    private static ThreadLocal<MyThreadScopeData> map = new ThreadLocal<>();
    private String name;
    private int age;

    private MyThreadScopeData() {
    }

    //定義一個(gè)靜態(tài)方法，返回各線程自己的實(shí)例
    //這里不必用同步，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)線程都要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建自己的實(shí)例，所以沒有線程安全問題。
    public static MyThreadScopeData getThreadInstance() {
        //獲取當(dāng)前線程綁定的實(shí)例
        MyThreadScopeData instance = map.get();
        if (instance == null) {
            instance = new MyThreadScopeData();
            map.set(instance);
        }
        return instance;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }


}

Thread-1 put random data:-1041517189
Thread-0 put random data:-98835751
A from Thread-1 getMyData: name-1041517189,-1041517189
A from Thread-0 getMyData: name-98835751,-98835751
B from Thread-1 getMyData: name-1041517189,-1041517189
B from Thread-0 getMyData: name-98835751,-98835751

5、實(shí)例

設(shè)計(jì)4個(gè)線程，其中兩個(gè)線程每次對(duì)j增加1，另外兩個(gè)線程對(duì)j每次減少1，寫出程序。

(1)如果每個(gè)線程執(zhí)行的代碼相同，可以使用同一個(gè)Runnable對(duì)象，這個(gè)Runnable對(duì)象中有那個(gè)共享數(shù)據(jù)，例如，賣票系統(tǒng)就可以這么做。

public class SellTicket {
    //賣票系統(tǒng)，多個(gè)窗口的處理邏輯是相同的
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Ticket t = new Ticket();
        new Thread(t).start();
        new Thread(t).start();
    }
}

/**
 * 將屬性和處理邏輯，封裝在一個(gè)類中
 *
 * @author yang
 */
class Ticket implements Runnable {

    private int ticket = 10;

    public synchronized void run() {
        while (ticket > 0) {
            ticket--;
            System.out.println("當(dāng)前票數(shù)為：" + ticket);
        }
    }
}

(2)如果每個(gè)線程執(zhí)行的代碼不同，這時(shí)候需要用不同的Runnable對(duì)象，例如，設(shè)計(jì)2個(gè)線程。一個(gè)線程對(duì)j增加1，另外一個(gè)線程對(duì)j減1，銀行存取款系統(tǒng)。

public class MultiThreadShareData {
    private int j;
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MultiThreadShareData multiThreadShareData = new MultiThreadShareData();
        for(int i=0;i<2;i++){
            new Thread(multiThreadShareData.new ShareData1()).start();//增加
            new Thread(multiThreadShareData.new ShareData2()).start();//減少
        }
    }
    //自增
    private synchronized void Inc(){
        j++;
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" inc "+j);
    }
    //自減
    private synchronized void Dec(){
        j--;
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" dec "+j);
    }

    class ShareData1 implements Runnable {
        public void run() {
            for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
                Inc();
            }
        }
    }
    class ShareData2 implements Runnable {
        public void run() {
            for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
                Dec();
            }
        }
    }
}

Thread-0 inc 1
Thread-0 inc 2
Thread-0 inc 3
Thread-0 inc 4
Thread-0 inc 5
Thread-1 dec 4
Thread-1 dec 3
Thread-2 inc 4
Thread-2 inc 5
Thread-2 inc 6
Thread-2 inc 7
Thread-2 inc 8
Thread-1 dec 7
Thread-1 dec 6
Thread-1 dec 5
Thread-3 dec 4
Thread-3 dec 3
Thread-3 dec 2
Thread-3 dec 1
Thread-3 dec 0