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SpringBoot 如何從配置文件讀取值到對(duì)象中

 更新時(shí)間:2021年11月02日 10:57:26   作者:無(wú)暇淺安時(shí)光  
這篇文章主要介紹了SpringBoot 如何從配置文件讀取值到對(duì)象中,具有很好的參考價(jià)值,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。如有錯(cuò)誤或未考慮完全的地方,望不吝賜教

一、實(shí)現(xiàn)方式

@ConfigurationProperties 注解

(最好加上前綴prefix=“person”,標(biāo)明是和配置文件中哪個(gè)開(kāi)頭的屬性匹配)

推薦使用用在類上,從配置文件讀取屬性值,放到對(duì)象里面,復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)也適用例如map,list,對(duì)象。支持校驗(yàn):@Validated

@Valid注解

用在屬性上,需要每個(gè)屬性逐個(gè)綁定通過(guò)@value注解獲取配置文件的值,不適合做復(fù)雜類型(map,list ,對(duì)象)值得獲取不支持@Validated

二、兩者區(qū)別

在這里插入圖片描述

三、代碼演示

使用@ConfigurationProperties注解

package com.wx.springboot20190911.demo.model;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.validation.annotation.Validated;
import javax.validation.constraints.Email;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
/**
 * 1.ConfigurationProperties注解 從配置文件讀取屬性值,放到對(duì)象里面
 * 2.通過(guò)@value注解獲取配置文件的值
 */
@Component//perosn 需要納入spring ioc 容器里
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "person")//使用前綴標(biāo)明具體的屬性
@Validated
public class Person {
    @Email
    String email;
    String hello;
    String name;
    int age;
    boolean boss;
    Date birth;
    Map<String,String> maps;
    List<String> list;
    Dog dog;
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "email='" + email + '\'' +
                ", hello='" + hello + '\'' +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", boss=" + boss +
                ", birth=" + birth +
                ", maps=" + maps +
                ", list=" + list +
                ", dog=" + dog +
                '}';
    }
    public String getEmail() {
        return email;
    }
    public void setEmail(String email) {
        this.email = email;
    }
    public String getHello() {
        return hello;
    }
    public void setHello(String hello) {
        this.hello = hello;
    }
    public Dog getDog() {
        return dog;
    }
    public void setDog(Dog dog) {
        this.dog = dog;
    }
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
    public boolean isBoss() {
        return boss;
    }
    public void setBoss(boolean boss) {
        this.boss = boss;
    }
    public Date getBirth() {
        return birth;
    }
    public void setBirth(Date birth) {
        this.birth = birth;
    }
    public Map<String, String> getMaps() {
        return maps;
    }
    public void setMaps(Map<String, String> maps) {
        this.maps = maps;
    }
    public List<String> getList() {
        return list;
    }
    public void setList(List<String> list) {
        this.list = list;
    }
}
package com.wx.springboot20190911.demo.model;
public class Dog {
    String name;
    String color;
    int age;
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public String getColor() {
        return color;
    }
    public void setColor(String color) {
        this.color = color;
    }
    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Dog{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", color='" + color + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                '}';
    }
}

使用@Value注解

package com.wx.springboot20190911.demo.model;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.validation.annotation.Validated;
import javax.validation.Valid;
import javax.validation.constraints.Email;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
/**
 * 1.ConfigurationProperties注解 從配置文件讀取屬性值,放到對(duì)象里面,推薦使用,復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)也適用例如map,list對(duì)象,
 * 支持 校驗(yàn)@Validated
 * 2.通過(guò)@value注解獲取配置文件的值,不適合做復(fù)雜類型值得獲取,不支持@Validated,支持
 */
@Component//perosn 需要納入spring ioc 容器里
//@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "person")
@Validated
public class Person1 {
    @Email
    @Value("${person1.email}")
    String email;
    @Value("${person1.hello}")
    String hello;
    @Value("${person1.name}")
    String name;
    @Value("#{12*3}")//支持計(jì)算
    int age;
    @Value("${person1.boss}")
    boolean boss;
    @Value("${person1.birth}")
    Date birth;
    Map<String,String> maps;
    List<String> list;
    Dog dog;
    public String getHello() {
        return hello;
    }
    public void setHello(String hello) {
        this.hello = hello;
    }
    public Dog getDog() {
        return dog;
    }
    public void setDog(Dog dog) {
        this.dog = dog;
    }
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
    public boolean isBoss() {
        return boss;
    }
    public void setBoss(boolean boss) {
        this.boss = boss;
    }
    public Date getBirth() {
        return birth;
    }
    public void setBirth(Date birth) {
        this.birth = birth;
    }
    public Map<String, String> getMaps() {
        return maps;
    }
    public void setMaps(Map<String, String> maps) {
        this.maps = maps;
    }
    public List<String> getList() {
        return list;
    }
    public void setList(List<String> list) {
        this.list = list;
    }
    public String getEmail() {
        return email;
    }
    public void setEmail(String email) {
        this.email = email;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person1{" +
                "email='" + email + '\'' +
                ", hello='" + hello + '\'' +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", boss=" + boss +
                ", birth=" + birth +
                ", maps=" + maps +
                ", list=" + list +
                ", dog=" + dog +
                '}';
    }
}

配置類(application.properties)代碼

person.hello=luck
person.name=吳
#亂碼的話 就setting設(shè)置下file encoding
person.list=ww,xx,rr
person.maps.k1=v1
person.maps.k2=v2
person.dog.name=cat
person.dog.color=red
person.dog.age=1
person.age=12
person.birth=2019/01/11
person.boss=false
person.email=www@qq.com
person1.hello=luck
person1.name=吳
#亂碼的話 就setting設(shè)置下file encoding
person1.list=ww,xx,rr
person1.age=12
person1.birth=2019/01/11
person1.boss=false
person1.email=www

配置類(application.yml)代碼:這種方式更加結(jié)構(gòu)化

person:
  name: 霞
  age: 16
  boss : false
  birth: 2012/09/12
  maps: {k1: v1,k2: v2}
  list: [dog,cat ,house,rabbits]
  dog:
    name: ${person.hello}
    age: ${random.int(10)}
    color: white
  hello: yula

打印結(jié)果:使用第一種方式時(shí),如果email不是"www@qq.com"這種格式,是不能運(yùn)行成功的,但是使用@Value 不會(huì)校驗(yàn),如下面是"www",一樣能運(yùn)行成功

Person{email='www@qq.com', hello='luck', name='吳', age=12, boss=false, birth=Fri Jan 11 00:00:00 CST 2019, maps={k1=v1, k2=v2}, list=[ww, xx, rr], dog=Dog{name='cat', color='red', age=1}}

Person1{email='www', hello='luck', name='吳', age=36, boss=false, birth=Fri Jan 11 00:00:00 CST 2019, maps=null, list=null, dog=null}

四、@PropertySource 讀取指定配置文件

package com.wx.springboot20190911.demo.model;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.validation.annotation.Validated;
import javax.validation.constraints.Email;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
/**
 * 1.ConfigurationProperties注解 從配置文件讀取屬性值,放到對(duì)象里面
 * 2.通過(guò)@value注解獲取配置文件的值
 */
@PropertySource(value={"classpath:person.properties"})//指定讀取person.properties配置文件
@Component//perosn 需要納入spring ioc 容器里
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "person")//使用前綴標(biāo)明具體的屬性
@Validated
public class Person2 {
    @Email
    String email;
    String hello;
    String name;
    int age;
    boolean boss;
    Date birth;
    Map<String,String> maps;
    List<String> list;
    Dog dog;
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "email='" + email + '\'' +
                ", hello='" + hello + '\'' +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", boss=" + boss +
                ", birth=" + birth +
                ", maps=" + maps +
                ", list=" + list +
                ", dog=" + dog +
                '}';
    }
    public String getEmail() {
        return email;
    }
    public void setEmail(String email) {
        this.email = email;
    }
    public String getHello() {
        return hello;
    }
    public void setHello(String hello) {
        this.hello = hello;
    }
    public Dog getDog() {
        return dog;
    }
    public void setDog(Dog dog) {
        this.dog = dog;
    }
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
    public boolean isBoss() {
        return boss;
    }
    public void setBoss(boolean boss) {
        this.boss = boss;
    }
    public Date getBirth() {
        return birth;
    }
    public void setBirth(Date birth) {
        this.birth = birth;
    }
    public Map<String, String> getMaps() {
        return maps;
    }
    public void setMaps(Map<String, String> maps) {
        this.maps = maps;
    }
    public List<String> getList() {
        return list;
    }
    public void setList(List<String> list) {
        this.list = list;
    }
}

這里雖然指定了讀取person.properties配置文件,但是由于prefix=“person”,導(dǎo)致還是讀取了application.properties配置文件,因?yàn)閍pplication.properties權(quán)限最高,要想讀取person.properties配置文件,就得改前綴名,例如改成prefix=“person2” person.properties配置文件的內(nèi)容如下:

在這里插入圖片描述

沒(méi)改前綴名的結(jié)果演示:

Person{email='www@qq.com', hello='luck', name='吳', age=12, boss=false, birth=Fri Jan 11 00:00:00 CST 2019, maps={k1=v1, k2=v2}, list=[ww, xx, rr], dog=Dog{name='cat', color='red', age=1}}

Person1{email='www', hello='luck', name='吳', age=36, boss=false, birth=Fri Jan 11 00:00:00 CST 2019, maps=null, list=null, dog=null}

Person{email='www@qq.com', hello='luck', name='吳', age=12, boss=false, birth=Fri Jan 11 00:00:00 CST 2019, maps={k1=v1, k2=v2}, list=[ww, xx, rr], dog=Dog{name='cat', color='red', age=1}}

改前綴名的代碼演示:

在這里插入圖片描述 在這里插入圖片描述

改了前綴名的結(jié)果演示:這時(shí)候讀取的就是指定的配置文件的值

Person{email='www@qq.com', hello='luck', name='吳', age=12, boss=false, birth=Fri Jan 11 00:00:00 CST 2019, maps={k1=v1, k2=v2}, list=[ww, xx, rr], dog=Dog{name='cat', color='red', age=1}}

Person1{email='www', hello='luck', name='吳', age=36, boss=false, birth=Fri Jan 11 00:00:00 CST 2019, maps=null, list=null, dog=null}

Person{email='12345@qq.com', hello='springboot', name='指定讀取配置文件', age=12, boss=false, birth=Wed Sep 11 00:00:00 CST 2019, maps={k2=v2, k1=v1}, list=[@Value, @PropertySource], dog=Dog{name='cat', color='red', age=1}}

注:只能讀取 .properties 文件,無(wú)法讀取 .yml 文件

五、@ImportResource:導(dǎo)入Spring配置文件

讓配置文件里面的內(nèi)容生效

Springboot 里沒(méi)有Spring 的配置文件,我們自己編寫的配置文件,也不能自動(dòng)識(shí)別;

想讓Spring的配置文件生效,加載進(jìn)來(lái),需使用該注解

寫一個(gè)Person3 類,如圖所示:

在這里插入圖片描述

自定義一個(gè)Spring配置文件,如圖所示:

在這里插入圖片描述

在啟動(dòng)類上注解

在這里插入圖片描述

測(cè)試:自定義的這個(gè)配置文件是否生效

在這里插入圖片描述

演示結(jié)果:生效了

2019-09-11 22:15:12.247 INFO 7824 --- [ main] c.w.s.demo.DemoApplicationTests : Started DemoApplicationTests in 8.558 seconds (JVM running for 10.882)

Person{email='null', hello='null', name='null', age=0, boss=false, birth=null, maps=null, list=null, dog=null}

六、思維導(dǎo)圖

在這里插入圖片描述

以上為個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn),希望能給大家一個(gè)參考,也希望大家多多支持腳本之家。

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