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MySQL索引失效之隱式轉(zhuǎn)換的問題

 更新時間:2022年01月09日 09:18:45   作者:GeaoZhang  
本文主要介紹了MySQL索引失效之隱式轉(zhuǎn)換的問題,文中通過示例代碼介紹的非常詳細,具有一定的參考價值,感興趣的小伙伴們可以參考一下

常見索引失效:

1. 條件索引字段"不干凈":函數(shù)操作、運算操作

2. 隱式類型轉(zhuǎn)換:字符串轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)值;其他類型轉(zhuǎn)換

3. 隱式字符編碼轉(zhuǎn)換:按字符編碼數(shù)據(jù)長度大的方向轉(zhuǎn)換,避免數(shù)據(jù)截取

一、常見索引失效場景

root@test 10:50 > show create table t_num\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
? ? ? ?Table: t_num
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t_num` (
? `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
? `c1` int(11) NOT NULL,
? `c2` varchar(11) NOT NULL,
? PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
? KEY `ix_c1` (`c1`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4
?
root@test 10:51 > select * from t_num;
+----+----+----+
| id | c1 | c2 |
+----+----+----+
| ?1 | -2 | -2 |
| ?2 | -1 | -1 |
| ?3 | ?0 | ?0 |
| ?4 | ?1 | ?1 |
| ?5 | ?2 | ?2 |
+----+----+----+
?
# 在c1字段上加上索引
root@test 10:52 > alter table t_num add index ix_c1(c1);
?
# 標準使用情況下,索引有效
root@test 10:55 > explain select * from t_num where c1 = -1;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key ? | key_len | ref ? | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| ?1 | SIMPLE ? ? ?| t_num | NULL ? ? ? | ref ?| ix_c1 ? ? ? ? | ix_c1 | 4 ? ? ? | const | ? ?1 | ? 100.00 | NULL ?|
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+

1、條件字段函數(shù)操作

# 在where中c1上加上abs()絕對值函數(shù),可以看到type=ALL,全表掃描,在Server層進行絕對值處理后進行比較
root@test 10:58 > explain select * from t_num where abs(c1) = 1;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key ?| key_len | ref ?| rows | filtered | Extra ? ? ? |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| ?1 | SIMPLE ? ? ?| t_num | NULL ? ? ? | ALL ?| NULL ? ? ? ? ?| NULL | NULL ? ?| NULL | ? ?5 | ? 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

如上,對索引字段做函數(shù)操作,即where條件列上不干凈時,可能會破壞索引值的有序性(按照c1的值有序組織索引樹),因此優(yōu)化器就決定放棄走索引樹搜索功能。

但是,條件字段函數(shù)操作下,也并非完全的走全表掃描,優(yōu)化器并非完全的放棄該字段索引。

# 選擇查詢的數(shù)據(jù),只有id和c1字段,可以看到type=index,使用到了ix_c1索引
root@test 10:59 > explain select id,c1 from t_num where abs(c1) = 1;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_num | NULL       | index | NULL          | ix_c1 | 4       | NULL |    5 |   100.00 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+

如上,由于ix_c1索引樹是根節(jié)點c1和葉子節(jié)點id構(gòu)造的,雖然因為c1上的函數(shù)操作導(dǎo)致放棄索引定位,但優(yōu)化器可以選擇遍歷該索引樹,使用覆蓋索引(Using index),無需回表,將所需的id和c1數(shù)據(jù)返回Server層后進行后續(xù)的abs()和where過濾。

2、條件字段運算操作

# where條件里,對c1進行運算操作
root@test 11:03 > explain select * from t_num where c1 + 1 = 2;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_num | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    5 |   100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

如上,雖然“+1”的操作并沒有破壞c1索引的有序性,但優(yōu)化器仍然沒有使用該索引快速定位。因此,等號左邊,注意優(yōu)化掉索引字段上的運算操作。

3、隱式類型轉(zhuǎn)換

# 在c2字段上加上索引
root@test 12:30 > alter table t_num add index ix_c2(c2);
?
# 標準使用情況下(注:c2是varchar類型的),索引有效
root@test 12:30 > explain select * from t_num where c2 = "2";
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_num | NULL       | ref  | ix_c2         | ix_c2 | 42      | const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
?
# 去掉等號右邊值的引號,即字符串和數(shù)值進行比較,索引失效
root@test 12:30 > explain select * from t_num where c2 = 2;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_num | NULL       | ALL  | ix_c2         | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    5 |    20.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

如上,c2字段是varchar類型,是字符串和數(shù)值的比較,此時,MySQL是將字符串轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字,即此處的c2被CAST(c2 AS signed int),這就相當于對條件字段做了函數(shù)操作,優(yōu)化器放棄走樹索引定位。

4、隱式字符編碼轉(zhuǎn)換

# 創(chuàng)建一個t_cou表,表結(jié)構(gòu)基本和前面的t_num相同,唯一不同的設(shè)置是表字符集CHARSET=utf8
root@test 14:02 > show create table t_cou\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
? ? ? ?Table: t_cou
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t_cou` (
? `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
? `c1` int(11) NOT NULL,
? `c2` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
? PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
? KEY `ix_c1` (`c1`),
? KEY `ix_c2` (`c2`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
?
root@test 14:02 > insert into t_cou select * from t_num;
?
# join表,t_num和t_cou通過c2字段進行關(guān)聯(lián)查詢
root@test 14:03 > select n.* from t_num n
? ? -> join t_cou c
? ? -> on n.c2 = c.c2
? ? -> where n.c1 = 1;
+----+----+----+
| id | c1 | c2 |
+----+----+----+
| ?4 | ?1 | 1 ?|
+----+----+----+
?
root@test 14:23 > explain select n.* from t_num n join t_cou c ?on n.c2 = c.c2 where c.c1 = 1;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key ? | key_len | ref ? | rows | filtered | Extra ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| ?1 | SIMPLE ? ? ?| c ? ? | NULL ? ? ? | ref ?| ix_c1 ? ? ? ? | ix_c1 | 4 ? ? ? | const | ? ?1 | ? 100.00 | NULL ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?|
| ?1 | SIMPLE ? ? ?| n ? ? | NULL ? ? ? | ref ?| ix_c2 ? ? ? ? | ix_c2 | 42 ? ? ?| func ?| ? ?1 | ? 100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
# 執(zhí)行計劃分析:
# 1.操作的c表,使用了ix_c1定位到一行數(shù)據(jù)
# 2.從c表定位到的行數(shù)據(jù),拿到c2字段去操作n表,t_cou稱為驅(qū)動表,t_num稱為被驅(qū)動表
# 3.ref=func說明使用了函數(shù)操作,指的是n.c2=CONVERT(c.c2 USING utf8mb4)
# 4.同時Using index condition,ix_c2讀取查詢時,使用被下推的條件過濾,滿足條件的才回表
?
root@test 14:23 > explain select n.* from t_num n join t_cou c ?on n.c2 = c.c2 where n.c1 = 1;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type ?| possible_keys | key ? | key_len | ref ? | rows | filtered | Extra ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| ?1 | SIMPLE ? ? ?| n ? ? | NULL ? ? ? | ref ? | ix_c1,ix_c2 ? | ix_c1 | 4 ? ? ? | const | ? ?1 | ? 100.00 | NULL ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?|
| ?1 | SIMPLE ? ? ?| c ? ? | NULL ? ? ? | index | NULL ? ? ? ? ?| ix_c2 | 32 ? ? ?| NULL ?| ? ?5 | ? 100.00 | Using where; Using index; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
# 執(zhí)行計劃分析:
# 1.操作的n表,使用了ix_c1定位到一行數(shù)據(jù)
# 2.從n表定位到的行數(shù)據(jù),拿到c2字段去操作c表,t_num稱為驅(qū)動表,t_cou稱為被驅(qū)動表
# 3.同樣的n.c2=c.c2,會將c.c2的字符集進行轉(zhuǎn)換,即被驅(qū)動表的索引字段上加函數(shù)操作,索引失效
# 4.BNL,表join時,驅(qū)動表數(shù)據(jù)讀入join buffer,被驅(qū)動表連接字段無索引則全表掃,每取一行和join buffer數(shù)據(jù)對比判斷,作為結(jié)果集返回

如上,分別對t_num、 t_cou作為驅(qū)動表和被驅(qū)動表的執(zhí)行計劃分析,總結(jié):

utf8mb4和utf8兩種不同字符集(編碼)類型的字符串在做比較時,MySQL會先把 utf8 字符串轉(zhuǎn)成 utf8mb4 字符集,再做比較。為什么?字符集 utf8mb4 是 utf8 的超集,再做隱式自動類型轉(zhuǎn)換時,為了避免數(shù)據(jù)在轉(zhuǎn)換過程中由于截斷導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)錯誤,會“按數(shù)據(jù)長度增加的方向”進行轉(zhuǎn)換。

表連接過程中,被驅(qū)動表的索引字段上加函數(shù)操作,會導(dǎo)致對被驅(qū)動表做全表掃描。

優(yōu)化手法:

修改統(tǒng)一join字段的字符集

對驅(qū)動表下手,將連接字段的字符集轉(zhuǎn)換成被驅(qū)動表連接字段的字符集

root@test 18:09 > explain select n.* from t_num n join t_cou c  on convert(n.c2 using utf8) = c.c2 where n.c1 = 1;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | n     | NULL       | ref  | ix_c1         | ix_c1 | 4       | const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL                     |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | c     | NULL       | ref  | ix_c2         | ix_c2 | 32      | func  |    1 |   100.00 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+

二、類型轉(zhuǎn)換

1、字符串轉(zhuǎn)整型

# 字符開頭的一律為0
root@test 18:44 > select convert("abc", unsigned integer);
+----------------------------------+
| convert("abc", unsigned integer) |
+----------------------------------+
| ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?0 |
+----------------------------------+
# 'abc' = 0是成立的,因此查詢時等號右邊使用對應(yīng)的類型很重要,0匹配出字段字符開頭數(shù)據(jù),'0'只匹配0
root@test 18:44 > select 'abc' = 0;
+-----------+
| 'abc' = 0 |
+-----------+
| ? ? ? ? 1 |
+-----------+
?
# 數(shù)字開頭的,直接截取到第一個不是字符的位置
root@test 18:45 > select convert("123abc", unsigned integer);
+-------------------------------------+
| convert("123abc", unsigned integer) |
+-------------------------------------+
| ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 123 |
+-------------------------------------+

2、時間類型轉(zhuǎn)換

root@test 19:11 > show create table time_demo\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
? ? ? ?Table: time_demo
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `time_demo` (
? `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
? `c1` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
? `c2` date DEFAULT NULL,
? PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
? KEY `ix_c1` (`c1`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4
?
root@test 19:15 > select count(*) from time_demo;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| ? ? ? 11 |
+----------+
?
root@test 19:16 > select * from time_demo limit 4;
+----+---------------------+------------+
| id | c1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?| c2 ? ? ? ? |
+----+---------------------+------------+
| ?1 | 2022-01-08 00:01:01 | 2022-01-08 |
| ?2 | 2022-01-06 23:01:01 | 2022-01-06 |
| ?3 | 2022-01-06 00:00:00 | 2022-01-06 |
| ?4 | 2022-01-08 00:00:00 | 2022-01-08 |
+----+---------------------+------------+
?
# 1.date轉(zhuǎn)datetime:末尾追加 00:00:00
root@test 19:11 > select * from time_demo where c1 between "2022-01-06" and "2022-01-08";
+----+---------------------+------------+
| id | c1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?| c2 ? ? ? ? |
+----+---------------------+------------+
| ?2 | 2022-01-06 23:01:01 | 2022-01-06 |
| ?3 | 2022-01-06 00:00:00 | 2022-01-06 |
| ?4 | 2022-01-08 00:00:00 | 2022-01-08 |
+----+---------------------+------------+
# 結(jié)果分析:c1是datetime類型,進行比較時,between and中的date類型會轉(zhuǎn)換成datetime
# 即 where c1 between "2022-01-06 00:00:00" and "2022-01-08 00:00:00";
# 同 where c1 >= "2022-01-06 00:00:00" and c1 <= "2022-01-08 00:00:00";
root@test 19:42 > explain select * from time_demo where c1 between "2022-01-06" and "2022-01-08";
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table ? ? | partitions | type ?| possible_keys | key ? | key_len | ref ?| rows | filtered | Extra ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| ?1 | SIMPLE ? ? ?| time_demo | NULL ? ? ? | range | ix_c1 ? ? ? ? | ix_c1 | 6 ? ? ? | NULL | ? ?3 | ? 100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
# 格式化date轉(zhuǎn)datetime
root@test 19:23 > select date_format("2022-01-08","%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s");
+-----------------------------------------------+
| date_format("2022-01-08","%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s") |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| 2022-01-06 00:00:00 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? |
+-----------------------------------------------+
?
# 2.datetime轉(zhuǎn)date:直接截取date部分
root@test 19:47 > select date(c1) from time_demo limit 1;
+------------+
| date(c1) ? |
+------------+
| 2022-01-06 |
+------------+
?
# 3.date轉(zhuǎn)time,沒有意義,直接變成 00:00:00

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