private static void heapSort(int[] arr) {
		//建堆
        crearHeap(arr);
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length-1; i++) {
            int heapSize=arr.length-i;
            swap(arr,heapSize-1,0);
            heapSize--;
            shiftDown(arr,heapSize,0);
        }
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));
    }

    private static void crearHeap(int[] arr) {
    	// 從后往前遍歷(右邊非葉子節(jié)點開始), 依次進行向下調(diào)整
        for (int i = (arr.length-1-1)/2; i >=0 ; i--) {
            shiftDown(arr,arr.length,i);
        }
        
    }
	//向下調(diào)整，形成大堆
    private static void shiftDown(int[] arr, int size, int i) {
        int parent = i;
        int child = parent*2+1;
        while (child<size){
            if (child +1< size && arr[child +1]> arr[child]){
                child=child+1;
            }
            if (arr[child]>arr[parent]){
                swap(arr,child,parent);
            }else {
                break;
            }
            parent=child;
            child=parent*2+1;
        }
    }
	//交換
    private static void swap(int[] arr, int child, int parent) {
        int tmp =arr[child];
        arr[child] =arr[parent];
        arr[parent]=tmp;
    }

private static void quick(int[] arr) {
        quickSortHelper(arr,0,arr.length-1);
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));
    }

    private static void quickSortHelper(int[] arr, int left, int right) {
        if (left>=right){
            //區(qū)間只有一個元素，或者零個元素
            return;
        }
        int index = partition(arr,left,right);
        quickSortHelper(arr,left,index-1);
        quickSortHelper(arr,index+1,right);
    }

    private static int partition(int[] arr, int left, int right) {
        int i=left;
        int j=right;
        int baseValue=arr[right];
        while (i<j){
            while (i<j && arr[i]<=baseValue){
                i++;
            }
            while (i<j && arr[j]>=baseValue){
                j--;
            }
            if (i<j){
                swap(arr,i,j);
            }
        }
        swap(arr,i,right);
        return i;
    }

    private static void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
        int tmp =arr[i];
        arr[i]=arr[j];
        arr[j]=tmp;
    }

public static void quickSortByLoop(int[] arr) {
        Stack<Integer> stack =new Stack<>();
        stack.push(0);
        stack.push(arr.length-1);
        while (!stack.isEmpty()){
            int right = stack.pop();
            int left = stack.pop();
            if (left>=right){
                continue;
            }
            int index = partition(arr,left,right);
            //右子樹
            stack.push(index+1);
            stack.push(right);
            //左子樹
            stack.push(left);
            stack.push(index-1);
        }
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));
    }

    private static int partition(int[] arr, int left, int right) {
        int baseValue =arr[right];
        int i =left;
        int j =right;
        while (i<j){
            while (i<j && arr[i]<=baseValue){
                i++;
            }
            while (i<j && arr[j]>=baseValue){
                j--;
            }
            if (i<j){
                swap(arr,i,j);
            }
        }
        swap(arr,i,right);
        return i;
    }

    private static void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
        int tmp = arr[i];
        arr[i] = arr[j];
        arr[j] = tmp;
    }

public static void mergeSort(int[] arr){
        mergeSortHelper(arr,0,arr.length);
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));
    }

    private static void mergeSortHelper(int[] arr, int left, int right) {
        if (right-left<=1){
            return;
        }
        int mid = (right+left)/2;

        mergeSortHelper(arr,left,mid);
        mergeSortHelper(arr,mid,right);
        merge(arr,left,mid,right);
    }

    private static void merge(int[] arr, int left, int mid, int right) {
        int cur1 =left;
        int cur2 =mid;
        //兩個數(shù)組合并后的結(jié)果
        int[] output=new int[right-left];
        int outputIndex=0;

        while (cur1<mid && cur2<right){
            if (arr[cur1]<=arr[cur2]) {
                output[outputIndex++] = arr[cur1++];
            }else {
                output[outputIndex++] = arr[cur2++];
            }
        }
        while (cur1<mid){
            output[outputIndex++] = arr[cur1++];
        }
        while (cur2<right){
            output[outputIndex++] = arr[cur2++];
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < right-left ; i++) {
            arr[left+i] = output[i];
        }
    }

public static void mergeSortByLoop(int[] arr){
        // gap 當前每個組中的元素個數(shù).
        for (int gap =1;gap<arr.length;gap*=2){
            for (int i = 0; i <arr.length ; i+=2*gap) {
                //相當于把兩個長度為 gap 的相鄰組進行了合并
                int left =i;
                int mid =i+gap;
                int right=i+2*gap;
                if (mid > arr.length){
                    mid =arr.length;
                }
                if (right>arr.length){
                    right=arr.length;
                }
                merge(arr,left,mid,right);
            }
        }
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));
    }