#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//對(duì)象的初始化和清理
//1.構(gòu)造函數(shù)  實(shí)現(xiàn)初始化的操作
class Person {
public:
	//1構(gòu)造函數(shù)
	//沒有返回值  不用寫void
	//函數(shù)名 與類名相同
	//構(gòu)造函數(shù)可以有參數(shù)，可以發(fā)生重載
	//創(chuàng)建對(duì)象時(shí)，構(gòu)造函數(shù)會(huì)自動(dòng)調(diào)用，而且只調(diào)用一次
	Person() {
		cout<< "Person構(gòu)造函數(shù)的調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	//2.析構(gòu)函數(shù)  實(shí)現(xiàn)清理的操作
	//沒有返回值 不寫void 
	//函數(shù)名和類名相同 在名稱前加一個(gè)~
	//析構(gòu)函數(shù)不可以有參數(shù)，不可以發(fā)生重載
	//對(duì)象在銷毀前 會(huì)自動(dòng)調(diào)用析構(gòu)函數(shù) 而且只會(huì)調(diào)用一次
	~Person() {
		cout << "Person析構(gòu)函數(shù)的調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
};
//構(gòu)造和析構(gòu)都是必須有的實(shí)現(xiàn)，如果我們自己不提供，編譯器會(huì)提供一個(gè)空實(shí)現(xiàn)的構(gòu)造和析構(gòu)
void test01() {
	Person p;//在棧上的數(shù)據(jù)，test01執(zhí)行完畢后，釋放這個(gè)對(duì)象
}
 int main() {
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//構(gòu)造函數(shù)的分類及調(diào)用
//分類
//按照參數(shù)分類  無參構(gòu)造（默認(rèn)構(gòu)造）和有參構(gòu)造
//按照類型分類  普通構(gòu)造 拷貝構(gòu)造
class Person {
public:
	//構(gòu)造函數(shù)
	Person() {
 		cout << "Person的無參構(gòu)造函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	Person(int a) {
		age = a;
		cout << "Person的有參構(gòu)造函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	//拷貝構(gòu)造函數(shù)
	Person(const Person &p) {
		//將傳入的人身上的所有屬性，拷貝到“我”身上
		age = p.age;
		cout << "Person的拷貝構(gòu)造函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	~Person() {
		cout << "Person的析構(gòu)函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	int age;
};
//調(diào)用
void test01() {
	//1.括號(hào)法
	//Person p1;//默認(rèn)函數(shù)調(diào)用
	//Person p2(10);//有參構(gòu)造函數(shù)
	//Person p3(p2);//拷貝構(gòu)造函數(shù)
	//注意事項(xiàng)
	//調(diào)用默認(rèn)構(gòu)造函數(shù)的時(shí)候，不要加()
	//因?yàn)橄旅孢@行代碼,編譯器會(huì)認(rèn)為是一個(gè)函數(shù)的聲明，不會(huì)認(rèn)為在創(chuàng)建對(duì)象
	//Person p1();
  	/*cout << "p2的年齡：" << p2.age << endl;
	cout << "p3的年齡：" << p3.age << endl;*/
	//2.顯示法
	//Person p1;
	//Person p2 = Person(10);//有參構(gòu)造
	//Person p3 = Person(p3);//拷貝構(gòu)造
	//Person(10);//匿名對(duì)象 特點(diǎn)：當(dāng)前行執(zhí)行結(jié)束后，系統(tǒng)會(huì)立即回收掉匿名對(duì)象
	//
	// 注意事項(xiàng)2
	// 不要利用拷貝構(gòu)造函數(shù)，初始化匿名對(duì)象  編譯器會(huì)認(rèn)為Person(p3) === Person p3;對(duì)象聲明
	//Person(p3);
 	//3.隱式轉(zhuǎn)換法
	Person p4 = 10;//相當(dāng)于 寫了 Person p4 = Person(10); 有參構(gòu)造
	Person p5 = p4;//拷貝構(gòu)造
}
int main() {
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//拷貝構(gòu)造函數(shù)的調(diào)用時(shí)機(jī)
//1.使用一個(gè)已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建完畢的對(duì)象來初始化一個(gè)新對(duì)象
//2.值傳遞的方式給函數(shù)參數(shù)傳值
//3.值方式返回局部對(duì)象
class Person {
public:
	Person() {
		cout << "Person的默認(rèn)構(gòu)造函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	Person(int age) {
		cout << "Person的有參構(gòu)造函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
		m_Age = age;
	}
	Person(const Person &p) {
		cout << "Person的拷貝構(gòu)造函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
		m_Age = p.m_Age;
	}
	~Person() {
 		cout << "Person析構(gòu)函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	int m_Age;
};
//拷貝構(gòu)造函數(shù)的調(diào)用時(shí)機(jī)
//1.使用一個(gè)已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建完畢的對(duì)象來初始化一個(gè)新對(duì)象
void test01() {
	Person p1(20);
	Person p2(p1);
	cout << "p2的年齡為：" << p2.m_Age << endl;
}
//2.值傳遞的方式給函數(shù)參數(shù)傳值
void doWork(Person p) {
  }
 void test02() {
	Person p;
	doWork(p);
}
 //3.值方式返回局部對(duì)象
Person doWork2() {
	Person p1;
	return p1;
}
void test03() {
	Person p = doWork2();
}
int main() {	
	//test01();
	//test02();
	test03();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//構(gòu)造函數(shù)的調(diào)用規(guī)則
//1.創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)類，c++編譯器會(huì)給每個(gè)類都添加至少三個(gè)函數(shù)
//默認(rèn)構(gòu)造  （空實(shí)現(xiàn)）
//析構(gòu)函數(shù)  （空實(shí)現(xiàn)）
//拷貝構(gòu)造  （值拷貝）
//2.如果我們寫了有參構(gòu)造函數(shù)，編譯器就不再提供默認(rèn)構(gòu)造，依然提供拷貝構(gòu)造
//如果我們寫了拷貝構(gòu)造函數(shù)，編譯器不再提供其他構(gòu)造函數(shù)了
class Person {
public:
	/*Person() {
		cout << "Person的默認(rèn)構(gòu)造函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}*/
	/*Person(int age) {
		cout << "Person的有參構(gòu)造函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
		m_Age = age;
	}*/
	Person(const Person& p) {
		cout << "Person的拷貝構(gòu)造函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
		m_Age = p.m_Age;
}
 	~Person() {
		cout << "Person的析構(gòu)函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	int m_Age;
};
//void test01() {
//	Person p;
//	p.m_Age = 18;
//	Person p2(p);
//	cout << "p2的年齡為：" << p2.m_Age << endl;
//}
void test02() {
	Person p(28);
	Person p2(p);
	cout << "p2的年齡為：" << p2.m_Age << endl;
}
int main() {
	//test01();
	test02();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//深拷貝與淺拷貝
class Person {
public:
	Person() {
		cout << "Person的默認(rèn)構(gòu)造函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	Person(int age,int height) {
		m_Age = age;
		m_Height = new int(height);
		cout << "Person的有參構(gòu)造函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	Person(const Person &p) {
		cout << "Person 拷貝構(gòu)造函數(shù)的調(diào)用" << endl;
		m_Age = p.m_Age;
		//m_Height = p.m_Height; 編譯器默認(rèn)實(shí)現(xiàn)就是這行代碼
		//深拷貝操作
		//如果不利于深拷貝在堆區(qū)創(chuàng)建內(nèi)存，會(huì)導(dǎo)致淺拷貝帶來的重復(fù)釋放堆區(qū)問題
		m_Height = new int(*p.m_Height);
	}
	~Person() {
		//析構(gòu)堆區(qū)，將堆區(qū)開辟數(shù)據(jù)做釋放操作
		if (m_Height != NULL) {
			delete m_Height;
			m_Height = NULL;
			//淺拷貝帶來的問題就是堆區(qū)的問題重復(fù)釋放
			//淺拷貝的問題 要利用深拷貝進(jìn)行解決
		}
		cout << "Person的析構(gòu)函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	int m_Age;//年齡
	int* m_Height;//身高
};
void test01() {
	Person p1(18,160);
	cout << "p1的年齡為：" << p1.m_Age <<"身高為："<<*p1.m_Height << endl;
	Person p2(p1);
	cout << "p2的年齡為：" << p2.m_Age <<"身高為："<<*p2.m_Height << endl;
}
int main() {
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//初始化列表
class Person {
public:
	//傳統(tǒng)初始化操作
	/*Person(int a, int b, int c) {
		m_A = a;
		m_B = b;
		m_C = c;
	}*/
	//初始化列表初始化屬性
	Person(int a,int b,int c) :m_A(a), m_B(b), m_C(c) {
 	}
	int m_A;
	int m_B;
	int m_C;
};
void test01() {
	//Person p(10, 20, 30);
	Person p(30,20,10);
	cout << "m_A = " << p.m_A << endl;
	cout << "m_B = " << p.m_B << endl;
	cout << "m_C = " << p.m_C << endl;
  }
int main() {
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//類對(duì)象作為類成員
//手機(jī)類
class Phone {
public:
	Phone(string pName) {
		cout << "Phone的構(gòu)造函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
		m_PName = pName;
	}
	~Phone() {
		cout << "Phone的析構(gòu)函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	//手機(jī)品牌名稱
	string m_PName;
 };
//人類
class Person {
public:
	//Phone m_Phone = pName  隱式轉(zhuǎn)換法
	Person(string name, string pName):m_Name(name),m_Phone(pName)
	{
		cout << "Person的構(gòu)造函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	~Person() {
		cout << "Person的析構(gòu)函數(shù)調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	//姓名
	string m_Name;
	//手機(jī)
	Phone m_Phone;
};
//當(dāng)其他類對(duì)象作為本類成員，構(gòu)造時(shí)先構(gòu)造類對(duì)象，再構(gòu)造自身，析構(gòu)的順序與構(gòu)造相反
void test01() {
	Person p("張三","蘋果");
	cout << p.m_Name << "拿著" << p.m_Phone.m_PName << endl;
 }
int main() {
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//靜態(tài)成員函數(shù)
//所有對(duì)象共享同一個(gè)函數(shù)
//靜態(tài)成員函數(shù)只能訪問靜態(tài)成員變量
class Person {
public:
	//靜態(tài)成員函數(shù)
	static void func() {
		m_A = 100;//靜態(tài)成員函數(shù)可以訪問靜態(tài)成員變量
		//m_B = 200;//靜態(tài)成員函數(shù)不可以訪問非靜態(tài)成員變量，無法區(qū)分到底是哪個(gè)m_B
		cout << "static void func的調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
	static int m_A;//靜態(tài)成員變量
	int m_B;//非靜態(tài)成員變量
	//靜態(tài)成員函數(shù)也是有訪問權(quán)限的
private:
	static void func2() {
		cout << "static void func2的調(diào)用" << endl;
	}
};
int Person::m_A = 0;
//有兩種訪問方式
void test01() {
	//1.通過對(duì)象進(jìn)行訪問
	Person p;
	p.func();
	//2.通過類名訪問
	Person::func();
	//Person::func2();類外訪問不到私有的靜態(tài)成員函數(shù)
}
int main() {
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//成員變量和成員函數(shù)是分開存儲(chǔ)的
class Person {
	int m_A;//非靜態(tài)成員變量  屬于類的對(duì)象上的
	static int m_B;//靜態(tài)成員變量  不屬于類的對(duì)象上
	void func() {}//非靜態(tài)成員函數(shù)  不屬于類的對(duì)象上
	static void func2() {}//靜態(tài)成員函數(shù)  不屬于類的對(duì)象上
};
int Person::m_B = 0;
void test01() {
	Person p;
	//空對(duì)象占用的內(nèi)存空間為：1
	//c++編譯器會(huì)給每個(gè)空對(duì)象也分配一個(gè)字節(jié)空間，是為了區(qū)分空對(duì)象占內(nèi)存的位置
	//每個(gè)空對(duì)象也應(yīng)該有一個(gè)獨(dú)一無二的內(nèi)存地址
	cout << "size of p = "<<sizeof(p) << endl;
}
void test02() {
	Person p;
	cout << "size of p = " << sizeof(p) << endl;
}
int main() {
	//test01();
	test02();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person {
public:
	Person(int age) {
		//this指針指向被調(diào)用的成員函數(shù)所屬的對(duì)象
		this->age = age;
	}
	int age;
	Person PersonAddAge(Person &p) {
		this->age += p.age;
		//this指向p2的指針，而*this指向的就是p2這個(gè)對(duì)象本體
		return *this;
	}
};
 //1.解決名稱沖突
void test01() {
	Person p1(18);
	cout << "p1的年齡為：" << p1.age << endl;
}
//2.返回對(duì)象本身用*this
void test02() {
	Person p1(10);
	Person p2(10);
	//鏈?zhǔn)骄幊趟枷?
	p2.PersonAddAge(p1).PersonAddAge(p1).PersonAddAge(p1);
	cout << "p2的年齡為：" << p2.age << endl;
}
 int main() {
	//test01();
	test02();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//空指針調(diào)用成員函數(shù)
class Person {
public:
 	void showClassName() {
		cout << "this is Person class" << endl;
	}
	void showPersonAge() {
		//報(bào)錯(cuò)原因是因?yàn)閭魅氲闹羔樖菫镹ULL
		if (this == NULL)
		{
			return;
		}
		cout << "age = " <<this-> m_Age << endl;
	}
	int m_Age;
};
void test01() {
	Person* p = NULL;
	//p->showClassName();
	p->showPersonAge();
}
int main() {
	test01();
 	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//空指針調(diào)用成員函數(shù)
class Person {
public:
 	void showClassName() {
		cout << "this is Person class" << endl;
	}
	void showPersonAge() {
		//報(bào)錯(cuò)原因是因?yàn)閭魅氲闹羔樖菫镹ULL
		if (this == NULL)
		{
			return;
		}
		cout << "age = " <<this-> m_Age << endl;
	}
	int m_Age;
};
void test01() {
	Person* p = NULL;
	//p->showClassName();
	p->showPersonAge();
}
int main() {
	test01();
 	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>
//建筑物類
class Building {
	//goodGay全局函數(shù)是Building好朋友，可以訪問Building中私有成員
	friend void goodGay(Building* building);
public:
	Building() {
		m_SittingRoom = "客廳";
		m_BedRoom = "臥室";
	}
public:
	string m_SittingRoom;//客廳
private:
	string m_BedRoom;//臥室
};
//全局函數(shù)
void goodGay(Building *building) {
	cout << "好基友全局函數(shù) 正在訪問：" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	cout << "好基友全局函數(shù) 正在訪問："<<building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}
void test01() {
	Building building;
	goodGay(&building);
}
int main() {
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>
//類做友元
class Building;
class GoodGay {
public:
	GoodGay();
	void visit();//參觀函數(shù) 訪問Building中的屬性
	Building* building;
};
class Building {
	//GoodGay類是本來的好朋友，可以訪問本類中私有成員
	friend class GoodGay;
public:
	Building();
public:
	string m_SittiingRoom;//客廳
private:
	string m_BedRoom;//臥室
};
//類外寫成員函數(shù)
Building::Building() {
	m_SittiingRoom = "客廳";
	m_BedRoom = "臥室";
}
GoodGay::GoodGay() {
	//創(chuàng)建建筑物對(duì)象
	building = new Building;
}
void GoodGay::visit() {
	cout << "好基友類正在訪問："<<building->m_SittiingRoom << endl;
	cout << "好基友類正在訪問：" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}
void test01() {
	GoodGay gg;
	gg.visit();
}
int main() {
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>
class Building;
class GoodGay {
public:
	GoodGay();
	void visit();//讓visit函數(shù)可以訪問Building中的私有成員
	void visit2();//讓visit函數(shù)不可以訪問Building中的私有成員
	Building* building;
};
class Building {
	//告訴編譯器 GoodGay類下的visit成員函數(shù)作為本類的好朋友，可以訪問私有成員
	friend void GoodGay:: visit();
public:
	Building();
public:
	string m_SittingRoom;//客廳
private:
	string m_BedRoom;//臥室
 };
//類外實(shí)現(xiàn)成員函數(shù)
Building::Building() {
	m_SittingRoom = "客廳";
	m_BedRoom = "臥室";
}
GoodGay::GoodGay() {
	building = new Building;
}
void GoodGay::visit() {
	cout << "visit函數(shù)正在訪問"<<building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	cout << "visit函數(shù)正在訪問" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}
void GoodGay::visit2() {
	cout << "visit2函數(shù)正在訪問" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	//cout << "visit2函數(shù)正在訪問" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}
void test01() {
	GoodGay gg;
	gg.visit();
	gg.visit2();
}
int main() {
	test01();
 	system("pause");
	return 0;
}