C++的靜態(tài)成員變量和靜態(tài)成員函數(shù)你了解多少
靜態(tài)成員變量
這里先引用GeeksforGeeks的一段內容:
Static data members are class members that are declared using static keywords. A static member has certain special characteristics. These are:
- Only one copy of that member is created for the entire class and is shared by all the objects of that class, no matter how many objects are created.
- It is initialized before any object of this class is being created, even before main starts.
- It is visible only within the class, but its lifetime is the entire program
語法: static data_type data_member_name;
靜態(tài)變量在任何類對象創(chuàng)建前初始化
我們看代碼示例,一碼勝千言
#include <iostream> using namespace std; class A { public: A() { cout << "A constructed" << endl; } }; class B { static A a; public: B() { cout << "B constructed" << endl; } }; int main() { B b; return 0; } // output B constructed
我們看到B類有一個靜態(tài)成員A類,但是在創(chuàng)建B的對象時并沒有調用A的構造函數(shù),原因很簡單,即在類B中僅僅聲明(declare)了靜態(tài)類A,但沒有在類外定義(define)它。 如果我們在靜態(tài)成員變量定義前使用它,那么會編譯報錯,這和代碼塊中的靜態(tài)變量不同,代碼塊中的靜態(tài)變量會有常量初始化的過程,代碼示例如下。
#include <iostream> using namespace std; class A { public: int x; A() { cout << "A constructed" << endl; } }; class B { static A a; public: B() { cout << "B constructed" << endl; } static A getA() {return a;} }; int main() { B b; // A a = b.getA(); // ERROR Compiler Error: undefined reference to `B::a' static int n; cout << n << endl; // ok 0 return 0; }
定義靜態(tài)成員變量
我們在類內定義靜態(tài)成員變量時需要 static,在類外定義鏡頭成員變量時不用 static,語法如下。
class X { static int n; }; // declaration (uses 'static') int X::n = 1; // definition (does not use 'static')
這里需要注意幾點:
- const靜態(tài)成員變量無法在類內初始化
- 靜態(tài)成員變量只能在方法外定義,且一定要定義完才能對起引用。
我們考慮下為什么不能在聲明中初始化靜態(tài)變量,這是因為聲明描述來如何分配內存,但不分配內存。這里我們還是使用上面代碼的例子來說明。
using namespace std; class A { public: int x; A() { cout << "A's constructor called " << endl; } }; class B { static A a; public: B() { cout << "B's constructor called " << endl; } static A getA() { return a; } }; A B::a; // definition of a int main() { B b1, b2, b3; A a = b1.getA(); cout << a.x << endl; // 0 return 0; }
output
A's constructor called B's constructor called B's constructor called B's constructor called 0
從上述結果我們也可以看出來靜態(tài)成員變量確實在創(chuàng)建類對象之前初始化。
使用靜態(tài)成員變量
有兩種方法可以引用靜態(tài)成員變量,<類對象名>.<靜態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)成員名>
或 <類類型名>::<靜態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)成員名>
To refer to a static member m of class T, two forms may be used: qualified name T::m or member access expression E.m or E->m, where E is an expression that evaluates to T or T* respectively. When in the same class scope, the qualification is unnecessary:
struct X { static void f(); // declaration static int n; // declaration }; X g() { return X(); } // some function returning X void f() { X::f(); // X::f is a qualified name of static member function g().f(); // g().f is member access expression referring to a static member function } int X::n = 7; // definition void X::f() // definition { n = 1; // X::n is accessible as just n in this scope }
類對象共享靜態(tài)成員
靜態(tài)類成員有一個特點:無論創(chuàng)建了多少個對象,程序都只創(chuàng)建一個靜態(tài)類變量副本。也就是說,類的所有對象共享同一個靜態(tài)成員。靜態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)成員和普通數(shù)據(jù)成員一樣遵從public,protected,private訪問規(guī)則;
接下來看另一個代碼示例
#include <iostream> using namespace std; class A { public: static int x; int y; static void f() { // y++; Error invalid use of member 'y' in static member function x++; cout << "A static function, x = " << x << endl; } }; int A::x; int main() { A a; cout << "x = " << A::x << endl; cout << "x = " << a.x << endl; A::f(); a.f(); return 0; }
output
x = 0 x = 0 A static function, x = 1 A static function, x = 2
const constexpr
C++提供了多種在類中定義常量的方式,其中比較常用的有 const
,constexpr
和enum
class X { // method1 const const static int n = 1; const static int m{2}; // since C++11 const static int k; // ok // method2 enum enum {Month=12}; // method3 constexpr constexpr static int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3 }; // OK constexpr static std::complex<double> n = {1,2}; // OK constexpr static int k; // Error: constexpr static requires an initializer }; const int X::k = 3;
其中注意:
1.使用 enum 時并不會創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)成員,即所有的對象中都不包括枚舉,另外Month知識一個符號名稱,在作用于為整個類的代碼中遇到它是,編譯器將用12來替代它。而且只能是整數(shù)。
2.使用 constexpr 來創(chuàng)建類常量時,一定要給其定義,不能只是聲明,而const可以只是聲明,不用給出定義。
靜態(tài)成員函數(shù)
#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Person { public: Person() {}; Person(char *name, int age); void show(); static int getTotal(); private: static int m_total; char *m_name; int m_age; }; Person::Person(char *name, int age) : m_name(name), m_age(age) { m_total++; } void Person::show() { cout << m_name << "的年齡是" << m_age << ", 總人數(shù)是" << m_total << endl; } int Person::getTotal() { return m_total; } // 一定要先初始化 int Person::m_total = 0; int main() { Person *p1 = new Person("Alice", 18); Person *p2 = new Person("Bob", 18); p1->show(); p2->show(); int total1 = Person::getTotal(); int total2 = p1->getTotal(); cout << "total1 = " << total1 << ", total2 = " << total2 << endl; return 0; }
靜態(tài)成員函數(shù)與普通成員函數(shù)的根本區(qū)別在于:普通成員函數(shù)有 this 指針,可以訪問類中的任意成員;而靜態(tài)成員函數(shù)沒有 this 指針,只能訪問靜態(tài)成員(包括靜態(tài)成員變量和靜態(tài)成員函數(shù))。這里要注意的是普通的成員函數(shù)也能訪問靜態(tài)成員變量。這一點上和Java中的static用法很像。
總結
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