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ASP.NET Core服務(wù)生命周期

更新時(shí)間：2022年04月06日 11:42:49 作者：暗斷腸

這篇文章介紹了ASP.NET Core中的服務(wù)生命周期，文中通過示例代碼介紹的非常詳細(xì)。對大家的學(xué)習(xí)或工作具有一定的參考借鑒價(jià)值，需要的朋友可以參考下

1.前言

在ConfigureServices方法中的容器注冊每個(gè)應(yīng)用程序的服務(wù)，Asp.Core都可以為每個(gè)應(yīng)用程序提供三種服務(wù)生命周期：

Transient（暫時(shí)）：每次請求都會(huì)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的實(shí)例。這種生命周期最適合輕量級，無狀態(tài)服務(wù)。
Scoped（作用域）：在同一個(gè)作用域內(nèi)只初始化一個(gè)實(shí)例，可以理解為每一個(gè)請求只創(chuàng)建一個(gè)實(shí)例，同一個(gè)請求會(huì)在一個(gè)作用域內(nèi)。
Singleton（單例）：整個(gè)應(yīng)用程序生命周期以內(nèi)只創(chuàng)建一個(gè)實(shí)例，后續(xù)每個(gè)請求都使用相同的實(shí)例。如果應(yīng)用程序需要單例行為，建議讓服務(wù)容器管理服務(wù)的生命周期，而不是在自己的類中實(shí)現(xiàn)單例模式。

2.服務(wù)生命周期與注冊選項(xiàng)案例演示

為了演示生命周期和注冊選項(xiàng)之間的差異，請考慮以下接口，將任務(wù)表示為具有唯一標(biāo)識符 OperationId 的操作。根據(jù)以下接口配置操作服務(wù)的生命周期的方式，容器在類請求時(shí)提供相同或不同的服務(wù)實(shí)例：

public interface IOperation
{
    Guid OperationId { get; }
}
public interface IOperationTransient : IOperation
{
}
public interface IOperationScoped : IOperation
{
}
public interface IOperationSingleton : IOperation
{
}
public interface IOperationSingletonInstance : IOperation
{
}

上面四種服務(wù)接口在 Operation 類中實(shí)現(xiàn)。調(diào)用Operation類時(shí)將自動(dòng)生成一個(gè)GUID，下面是Operation類的實(shí)現(xiàn)：

public class Operation : IOperationTransient, IOperationScoped, IOperationSingleton, IOperationSingletonInstance
{
    public Operation() : this(Guid.NewGuid())
    {
    }
    public Operation(Guid id)
    {
        OperationId = id;
    }
    public Guid OperationId { get; private set; }
}

再注冊一個(gè)OperationService服務(wù)實(shí)例，當(dāng)通過依賴關(guān)系注入請求 OperationService 實(shí)例時(shí)，它將接收每個(gè)服務(wù)的新實(shí)例或基于從屬服務(wù)（Operation）的生命周期的現(xiàn)有實(shí)例。OperationService 服務(wù)作用就是第二次調(diào)用 Operation類，查看Operation類實(shí)例的作用域變化。

public class OperationService
{
    public OperationService(
        IOperationTransient transientOperation,
        IOperationScoped scopedOperation,
        IOperationSingleton singletonOperation,
        IOperationSingletonInstance instanceOperation)
    {
        _transientOperation = transientOperation;
        _scopedOperation = scopedOperation;
        _singletonOperation = singletonOperation;
        _singletonInstanceOperation = instanceOperation;
    }
    public IOperationTransient _transientOperation { get; }
    public IOperationScoped _scopedOperation { get; }
    public IOperationSingleton _singletonOperation { get; }
    public IOperationSingletonInstance _singletonInstanceOperation { get; }
}

然后在Startup.ConfigureServices()服務(wù)容器中注冊各個(gè)生命周期的實(shí)例：

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
    services.AddTransient<IOperationTransient, Operation>();
    services.AddScoped<IOperationScoped, Operation>();
    services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingleton, Operation>();
    services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingletonInstance>(new Operation(Guid.Empty));
    // OperationService depends on each of the other Operation types.
    services.AddTransient<OperationService, OperationService>();
}

再在IndexModel模塊里面調(diào)用OnGet方法輸出，觀察IOperation與OperationService類屬性O(shè)perationId 值的變化：

public class IndexModel : PageModel
{
    public OperationService _operationService { get; }
    public IOperationTransient _transientOperation { get; }
    public IOperationScoped _scopedOperation { get; }
    public IOperationSingleton _singletonOperation { get; }
    public IOperationSingletonInstance _singletonInstanceOperation { get; }
    public IndexModel(
    OperationService operationService,
    IOperationTransient transientOperation,
    IOperationScoped scopedOperation,
    IOperationSingleton singletonOperation,
    IOperationSingletonInstance singletonInstanceOperation)
    {
        _operationService = operationService;
        _transientOperation = transientOperation;
        _scopedOperation = scopedOperation;
        _singletonOperation = singletonOperation;
        _singletonInstanceOperation = singletonInstanceOperation;
    }
    public void OnGet()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("IOperation操作:");
        Console.WriteLine("暫時(shí):" + _transientOperation.OperationId.ToString());
        Console.WriteLine("作用域:" + _scopedOperation.OperationId.ToString());
        Console.WriteLine("單例:" + _singletonOperation.OperationId.ToString());
        Console.WriteLine("實(shí)例:" + _singletonInstanceOperation.OperationId.ToString());
        Console.WriteLine("OperationService操作:");
        Console.WriteLine("暫時(shí):" + _operationService._transientOperation.OperationId.ToString());
        Console.WriteLine("作用域:" + _operationService._scopedOperation.OperationId.ToString());
        Console.WriteLine("單例:" + _operationService._singletonOperation.OperationId.ToString());
        Console.WriteLine("實(shí)例:" + _operationService._singletonInstanceOperation.OperationId.ToString());
    }
}

執(zhí)行IndexModel 類輸出結(jié)果：

由圖總結(jié)如下：
2.1 Transient（暫時(shí)）：每次調(diào)用服務(wù)的時(shí)候都會(huì)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的實(shí)例。即在IndexModel類的局部方法或?qū)傩灾校ㄟ@里是OnGet方法）實(shí)例化一個(gè)依賴對象Operation類，偽代碼是：

public class IndexModel: PageModel
{
    public void OnGet()
    {
          //調(diào)用IndexModel類時(shí)，實(shí)例化了兩次Operation類
　　　　  //第一次
          OperationService operationService=new OperationService();
　　　　　//第二次
　　　　　IOperationTransient TransientOperation=new Operation();
    }
}

2.2 Scoped（作用域）：一次請求（Action）內(nèi)對象實(shí)例是相同的，但每次請求會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)新實(shí)例。相當(dāng)于在IndexModel類的全局中實(shí)例化一次依賴對象Operation類，偽代碼是：

OperationService operationService = null;
public IndexModel()
{
    operationService = new OperationService();
    operationService._scopedOperation = new Operation();
}
public void OnGet()
{
    operationService._scopedOperation.OperationId;
    IOperationScoped operationScoped = operationService._scopedOperation;
    operationScoped.OperationId
}

2.3 Singleton（單例）：首次請求初始化同一個(gè)實(shí)例，后續(xù)每次請求都使用同一個(gè)實(shí)例。相當(dāng)于在整個(gè)應(yīng)用Application中只實(shí)例化一次實(shí)例，常見的單例模式。

生命周期流程圖如下：