// frameworks/native/libs/ui/Gralloc4.cpp
status_t Gralloc4Allocator::allocate(std::string requestorName, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
                                     android::PixelFormat format, uint32_t layerCount,
                                     uint64_t usage, uint32_t bufferCount, uint32_t* outStride,
                                     buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles, bool importBuffers) const {
//...
	//===================關(guān)鍵代碼============
    auto ret = mAllocator->allocate(descriptor, bufferCount,
                                    [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpStride,
                                        const auto& tmpBuffers) {// const auto& tmpBuffers 是個 hidl_handle 類型
                                        error = static_cast<status_t>(tmpError);
                                        if (tmpError != Error::NONE) {
                                            return;
                                        }
                                        if (importBuffers) {
                                            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < bufferCount; i++) {
                                                error = mMapper.importBuffer(tmpBuffers[i],
                                                                             &outBufferHandles[i]);
                                                if (error != NO_ERROR) {
                                                    for (uint32_t j = 0; j < i; j++) {
                                                        mMapper.freeBuffer(outBufferHandles[j]);
                                                        outBufferHandles[j] = nullptr;
                                                    }
                                                    return;
                                                }
                                            }
                                        } else {
											//....
                                        }
                                        *outStride = tmpStride;
                                    });
//...
    return (ret.isOk()) ? error : static_cast<status_t>(kTransactionError);
}

//out/soong/.intermediates/hardware/interfaces/graphics/allocator/4.0/android.hardware.graphics.allocator@4.0_genc++/gen/android/hardware/graphics/allocator/4.0/AllocatorAll.cpp  
// 這部分代碼是 hidl 接口編譯完成后，out目錄自動生成的代碼，源碼目錄下沒有
// Methods from ::android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V4_0::IAllocator follow.
::android::status_t BnHwAllocator::_hidl_allocate(
        ::android::hidl::base::V1_0::BnHwBase* _hidl_this,
        const ::android::hardware::Parcel &_hidl_data,
        ::android::hardware::Parcel *_hidl_reply,
        TransactCallback _hidl_cb) {
 //...
//========================調(diào)用服務(wù)端真正的實現(xiàn)=====================
    ::android::hardware::Return<void> _hidl_ret = static_cast<IAllocator*>(_hidl_this->getImpl().get())->allocate(*descriptor, count, [&](const auto &_hidl_out_error, const auto &_hidl_out_stride, const auto &_hidl_out_buffers) {
        if (_hidl_callbackCalled) {
            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("allocate: _hidl_cb called a second time, but must be called once.");
        }
        _hidl_callbackCalled = true;
//===============函數(shù)調(diào)用完成后，開始寫返回數(shù)據(jù)========================
        ::android::hardware::writeToParcel(::android::hardware::Status::ok(), _hidl_reply);
        _hidl_err = _hidl_reply->writeInt32((int32_t)_hidl_out_error);
        if (_hidl_err != ::android::OK) { goto _hidl_error; }
        // 返回數(shù)據(jù) tmpStride 的值
        _hidl_err = _hidl_reply->writeUint32(_hidl_out_stride);
        if (_hidl_err != ::android::OK) { goto _hidl_error; }
        size_t _hidl__hidl_out_buffers_parent;
        _hidl_err = _hidl_reply->writeBuffer(&_hidl_out_buffers, sizeof(_hidl_out_buffers), &_hidl__hidl_out_buffers_parent);
        if (_hidl_err != ::android::OK) { goto _hidl_error; }
        size_t _hidl__hidl_out_buffers_child;
        _hidl_err = ::android::hardware::writeEmbeddedToParcel(
                _hidl_out_buffers,
                _hidl_reply,
                _hidl__hidl_out_buffers_parent,
                0 /* parentOffset */, &_hidl__hidl_out_buffers_child);
        if (_hidl_err != ::android::OK) { goto _hidl_error; }
//關(guān)鍵代碼====傳輸上邊的回調(diào)函數(shù)的參數(shù) const auto& tmpBuffers 的每個元素， 數(shù)據(jù)類型是 hidl_handle 類型
        for (size_t _hidl_index_0 = 0; _hidl_index_0 < _hidl_out_buffers.size(); ++_hidl_index_0) {
            // 關(guān)鍵函數(shù) android::hardware::writeEmbeddedToParcel
            _hidl_err = ::android::hardware::writeEmbeddedToParcel(
                    _hidl_out_buffers[_hidl_index_0],
                    _hidl_reply,
                    _hidl__hidl_out_buffers_child,
                    _hidl_index_0 * sizeof(::android::hardware::hidl_handle));
            if (_hidl_err != ::android::OK) { goto _hidl_error; }
        }
//...
        if (_hidl_err != ::android::OK) { return; }
        _hidl_cb(*_hidl_reply);
    });
    _hidl_ret.assertOk();
    if (!_hidl_callbackCalled) {
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("allocate: _hidl_cb not called, but must be called once.");
    }
    return _hidl_err;
}

// system/libhidl/transport/HidlBinderSupport.cpp
status_t writeEmbeddedToParcel(const hidl_handle &handle,
        Parcel *parcel, size_t parentHandle, size_t parentOffset) {
    //此處調(diào)用了 hwbinder/Parcel.cpp 的writeEmbeddedNativeHandle 函數(shù)
    status_t _hidl_err = parcel->writeEmbeddedNativeHandle(
            handle.getNativeHandle(),
            parentHandle,
            parentOffset + hidl_handle::kOffsetOfNativeHandle);
    return _hidl_err;
}
// system/libhwbinder/Parcel.cpp
status_t Parcel::writeEmbeddedNativeHandle(const native_handle_t *handle,
                                           size_t parent_buffer_handle,
                                           size_t parent_offset)
{
    return writeNativeHandleNoDup(handle, true /* embedded */, parent_buffer_handle, parent_offset);
}
status_t Parcel::writeNativeHandleNoDup(const native_handle_t *handle,
                                        bool embedded,
                                        size_t parent_buffer_handle,
                                        size_t parent_offset)
{
//...
    struct binder_fd_array_object fd_array {
        .hdr = { .type = BINDER_TYPE_FDA }, // 關(guān)鍵代碼： BINDER_TYPE_FDA 類型，binder內(nèi)核驅(qū)動代碼對這個類型有專門的處理
        .num_fds = static_cast<binder_size_t>(handle->numFds),
        .parent = buffer_handle,
        .parent_offset = offsetof(native_handle_t, data),
    };
    return writeObject(fd_array);
}

// frameworks/native/libs/gui/IGraphicBufferProducer.cpp
status_t BnGraphicBufferProducer::onTransact(
    uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags)
{
    switch(code) {
        case REQUEST_BUFFER: {
            CHECK_INTERFACE(IGraphicBufferProducer, data, reply);
            int bufferIdx = data.readInt32();
            sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
            int result = requestBuffer(bufferIdx, &buffer);
            reply->writeInt32(buffer != nullptr);
            if (buffer != nullptr) {
                reply->write(*buffer);// GraphicBuffer 對象回寫========!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=====
            }
            reply->writeInt32(result);
            return NO_ERROR;
        }
//...
    }
//...
}

// frameworks/native/libs/binder/include/binder/Parcel.h
template<typename T>
status_t Parcel::write(const Flattenable<T>& val) {// 對象需要繼承 Flattenable
    const FlattenableHelper<T> helper(val);
    return write(helper);
}

// frameworks/native/libs/binder/Parcel.cpp
status_t Parcel::write(const FlattenableHelperInterface& val)
{
    status_t err;
    // size if needed
    const size_t len = val.getFlattenedSize();
    // val.getFdCount(); 這個值為 GraphicBuffer.mTransportNumFds
    // 從這個接口獲取
    // GrallocMapper::getTransportSize(buffer_handle_t bufferHandle, uint32_t* outNumFds, uint32_t* outNumInts)
    const size_t fd_count = val.getFdCount();// 這個值為 GraphicBuffer.mTransportNumFds
//...........
	// 調(diào)用對象的 flatten 寫到緩存中
    err = val.flatten(buf, len, fds, fd_count);
    // fd_count 不為0，需要寫 fd
    for (size_t i=0 ; i<fd_count && err==NO_ERROR ; i++) {
        err = this->writeDupFileDescriptor( fds[i] );
    }
    if (fd_count) {
        delete [] fds;
    }
    return err;
}

// frameworks/native/libs/binder/Parcel.cpp
status_t Parcel::writeDupFileDescriptor(int fd)
{
    int dupFd;
    if (status_t err = dupFileDescriptor(fd, &dupFd); err != OK) {
        return err;
    }
    //=============!!!!!!!!!!!!!===========
    status_t err = writeFileDescriptor(dupFd, true /*takeOwnership*/);
    if (err != OK) {
        close(dupFd);
    }
    return err;
}
status_t Parcel::writeFileDescriptor(int fd, bool takeOwnership) {
//........
#ifdef BINDER_WITH_KERNEL_IPC // frameworks/native/libs/binder/Android.bp 中定義了此宏  "-DBINDER_WITH_KERNEL_IPC",
    flat_binder_object obj;
    obj.hdr.type = BINDER_TYPE_FD;// 類型為 fd ，內(nèi)核會自動創(chuàng)建fd
    obj.flags = 0;
    obj.binder = 0; /* Don't pass uninitialized stack data to a remote process */
    obj.handle = fd;
    obj.cookie = takeOwnership ? 1 : 0;
    return writeObject(obj, true);
#else  // BINDER_WITH_KERNEL_IPC
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Binder kernel driver disabled at build time");
    (void)fd;
    (void)takeOwnership;
    return INVALID_OPERATION;
#endif // BINDER_WITH_KERNEL_IPC
}

// 這里使用的 3.8 的內(nèi)核版本，邏輯較為清晰
// 更新的內(nèi)核版本需要看 binder_apply_fd_fixups 函數(shù)部分
// https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/msm/+/refs/heads/android-msm-coral-4.14-android10/drivers/android/binder.c
static void binder_transaction(struct binder_proc *proc,
			       struct binder_thread *thread,
			       struct binder_transaction_data *tr, int reply,
			       binder_size_t extra_buffers_size)
{
    //...
		case BINDER_TYPE_FD: {
			struct binder_fd_object *fp = to_binder_fd_object(hdr);
            //數(shù)據(jù)類型為 BINDER_TYPE_FD 時，調(diào)用了 binder_translate_fd
			int target_fd = binder_translate_fd(fp->fd, t, thread, in_reply_to);
			if (target_fd < 0) {
				return_error = BR_FAILED_REPLY;
				return_error_param = target_fd;
				return_error_line = __LINE__;
				goto err_translate_failed;
			}
			fp->pad_binder = 0;
			fp->fd = target_fd;
			binder_alloc_copy_to_buffer(&target_proc->alloc,
						    t->buffer, object_offset,
						    fp, sizeof(*fp));
		} break;
		case BINDER_TYPE_FDA: {
			struct binder_object ptr_object;
			binder_size_t parent_offset;
			struct binder_fd_array_object *fda =
				to_binder_fd_array_object(hdr);
			size_t num_valid = (buffer_offset - off_start_offset) /
						sizeof(binder_size_t);
			struct binder_buffer_object *parent =
				binder_validate_ptr(target_proc, t->buffer,
						    &ptr_object, fda->parent,
						    off_start_offset,
						    &parent_offset,
						    num_valid);
			if (!parent) {
				binder_user_error("%d:%d got transaction with invalid parent offset or type\n",
						  proc->pid, thread->pid);
				return_error = BR_FAILED_REPLY;
				return_error_param = -EINVAL;
				return_error_line = __LINE__;
				goto err_bad_parent;
			}
			if (!binder_validate_fixup(target_proc, t->buffer,
						   off_start_offset,
						   parent_offset,
						   fda->parent_offset,
						   last_fixup_obj_off,
						   last_fixup_min_off)) {
				binder_user_error("%d:%d got transaction with out-of-order buffer fixup\n",
						  proc->pid, thread->pid);
				return_error = BR_FAILED_REPLY;
				return_error_param = -EINVAL;
				return_error_line = __LINE__;
				goto err_bad_parent;
			}
            //數(shù)據(jù)類型為 BINDER_TYPE_FDA 時，調(diào)用了 binder_translate_fd
			ret = binder_translate_fd_array(fda, parent, t, thread, in_reply_to);
			if (ret < 0) {
				return_error = BR_FAILED_REPLY;
				return_error_param = ret;
				return_error_line = __LINE__;
				goto err_translate_failed;
			}
			last_fixup_obj_off = parent_offset;
			last_fixup_min_off =
				fda->parent_offset + sizeof(u32) * fda->num_fds;
		} break;
    //...
}

static int binder_translate_fd(int fd,
			       struct binder_transaction *t,
			       struct binder_thread *thread,
			       struct binder_transaction *in_reply_to)
{
	struct binder_proc *proc = thread->proc;
	struct binder_proc *target_proc = t->to_proc;
	int target_fd;
	struct file *file;
	int ret;
	bool target_allows_fd;
	if (in_reply_to)
		target_allows_fd = !!(in_reply_to->flags & TF_ACCEPT_FDS);
	else
		target_allows_fd = t->buffer->target_node->accept_fds;
	if (!target_allows_fd) {
		binder_user_error("%d:%d got %s with fd, %d, but target does not allow fds\n",
				  proc->pid, thread->pid,
				  in_reply_to ? "reply" : "transaction",
				  fd);
		ret = -EPERM;
		goto err_fd_not_accepted;
	}
	file = fget(fd);//從fd獲取 file 對象
	if (!file) {
		binder_user_error("%d:%d got transaction with invalid fd, %d\n",
				  proc->pid, thread->pid, fd);
		ret = -EBADF;
		goto err_fget;
	}
    //se權(quán)限處理
	ret = security_binder_transfer_file(proc->tsk, target_proc->tsk, file);
	if (ret < 0) {
		ret = -EPERM;
		goto err_security;
	}
    //在目標(biāo)進(jìn)程中找到一個可用的fd
	target_fd = task_get_unused_fd_flags(target_proc, O_CLOEXEC);
	if (target_fd < 0) {
		ret = -ENOMEM;
		goto err_get_unused_fd;
	}
    // 調(diào)用task_fd_install將 file對象 關(guān)聯(lián)到目標(biāo)進(jìn)程中的fd
	task_fd_install(target_proc, target_fd, file);
	trace_binder_transaction_fd(t, fd, target_fd);
	binder_debug(BINDER_DEBUG_TRANSACTION, "        fd %d -> %d\n",
		     fd, target_fd);
	return target_fd;
err_get_unused_fd:
err_security:
	fput(file);
err_fget:
err_fd_not_accepted:
	return ret;
}

// frameworks/native/libs/ui/include/ui/GraphicBuffer.h
class GraphicBuffer
    : public ANativeObjectBase<ANativeWindowBuffer, GraphicBuffer, RefBase>,
      public Flattenable<GraphicBuffer>
      { //...
    	status_t flatten(void*& buffer, size_t& size, int*& fds, size_t& count) const;
    	status_t unflatten(void const*& buffer, size_t& size, int const*& fds, size_t& count);
        //...
      }
// frameworks/native/libs/ui/include/ui/ANativeObjectBase.h
/*
 * This helper class turns a ANativeXXX object type into a C++
 * reference-counted object; with proper type conversions.
 */
template <typename NATIVE_TYPE, typename TYPE, typename REF,
        typename NATIVE_BASE = android_native_base_t>
class ANativeObjectBase : public NATIVE_TYPE, public REF
{
    //...
}
//轉(zhuǎn)換后：
class ANativeObjectBase : public ANativeWindowBuffer, public RefBase
{
    //...
}

// /frameworks/native/libs/nativebase/include/nativebase/nativebase.h
// 圖形Buffer的Size = stride * height * 每像素字節(jié)數(shù)
typedef struct ANativeWindowBuffer
{   
    ...
    int width;      // 圖形Buffer的寬度
    int height;     // 圖形Buffer的高度
    int stride;     // 圖形Buffer的步長，為了處理對齊問題，與width可能不同
    int format;     // 圖形Buffer的像素格式
    const native_handle_t* handle; // 指向一塊圖形Buffer
    uint64_t usage; // 圖形Buffer的使用規(guī)則（gralloc會分配不同屬性的圖形Buffer）
    ...
} ANativeWindowBuffer_t;

// system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h
typedef struct native_handle
{
    int version;        /* sizeof(native_handle_t) */
    // //data[0]中的文件描述符個數(shù)
    int numFds;         /* number of file-descriptors at &data[0] */
    // //&data[numFds]中int的個數(shù)
    int numInts;        /* number of ints at &data[numFds] */
    int data[0];        /* numFds + numInts ints */
} native_handle_t;

// system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h
typedef const native_handle_t* buffer_handle_t;

struct hidl_handle {
    hidl_handle();
    ~hidl_handle();
    hidl_handle(const native_handle_t *handle);
    // copy constructor.
    hidl_handle(const hidl_handle &other);
    // move constructor.
    hidl_handle(hidl_handle &&other) noexcept;
    // assignment operators
    hidl_handle &operator=(const hidl_handle &other);
    hidl_handle &operator=(const native_handle_t *native_handle);
    hidl_handle &operator=(hidl_handle &&other) noexcept;
    void setTo(native_handle_t* handle, bool shouldOwn = false);
    const native_handle_t* operator->() const;
    // implicit conversion to const native_handle_t*
    operator const native_handle_t *() const;
    // explicit conversion
    const native_handle_t *getNativeHandle() const;
    // offsetof(hidl_handle, mHandle) exposed since mHandle is private.
    static const size_t kOffsetOfNativeHandle;
private:
    void freeHandle();
	// 核心數(shù)據(jù) native_handle_t mHandle;
    details::hidl_pointer<const native_handle_t> mHandle;
    bool mOwnsHandle;
    uint8_t mPad[7];
};