// ContextImpl.java
private ComponentName startServiceCommon(Intent service, boolean requireForeground,
        UserHandle user) {
    try {
        // 從 Android 5.0 ，必須使用顯式 Intent 啟動(dòng) Service
        validateServiceIntent(service);
        service.prepareToLeaveProcess(this);
        // 通過 AMS 啟動(dòng) Service
        ComponentName cn = ActivityManager.getService().startService(
                mMainThread.getApplicationThread(), service,
                service.resolveTypeIfNeeded(getContentResolver()), requireForeground,
                getOpPackageName(), getAttributionTag(), user.getIdentifier());
        if (cn != null) {
            // ... 處理異常結(jié)果 ...
        }
        // 成功啟動(dòng)后，返回已啟動(dòng)的 Service 組件名
        return cn;
    } catch (RemoteException e) {
        throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
    }
}

// ActiveServices.java
ComponentName startServiceLocked(IApplicationThread caller, Intent service, String resolvedType,
        int callingPid, int callingUid, boolean fgRequired,
        String callingPackage, @Nullable String callingFeatureId, final int userId,
        boolean allowBackgroundActivityStarts, @Nullable IBinder backgroundActivityStartsToken)
        throws TransactionTooLargeException {
    // 調(diào)用方是否處于前臺(tái)
    final boolean callerFg;
    if (caller != null) {
        final ProcessRecord callerApp = mAm.getRecordForAppLOSP(caller);
        if (callerApp == null) {
            throw new SecurityException(
                    "Unable to find app for caller " + caller
                    + " (pid=" + callingPid
                    + ") when starting service " + service);
        }
        callerFg = callerApp.mState.getSetSchedGroup() != ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_BACKGROUND;
    } else {
        callerFg = true;
    }
    // 1. 查詢 Service
    // 其實(shí)這是是從緩存獲取 ServiceRecord，或者建立 ServiceRecord 并緩存
    ServiceLookupResult res =
        retrieveServiceLocked(service, null, resolvedType, callingPackage,
                callingPid, callingUid, userId, true, callerFg, false, false);
    if (res == null) {
        return null;
    }
    if (res.record == null) {
        return new ComponentName("!", res.permission != null
                ? res.permission : "private to package");
    }
    // 從查詢的結(jié)果中獲取 Service 記錄
    ServiceRecord r = res.record;
    // 2. 對(duì) Service 啟動(dòng)施加限制
    // ...
    if (forcedStandby || (!r.startRequested && !fgRequired)) {
        // Service 所在的進(jìn)程處于后臺(tái)，是無法啟動(dòng) Service
        final int allowed = mAm.getAppStartModeLOSP(r.appInfo.uid, r.packageName,
                r.appInfo.targetSdkVersion, callingPid, false, false, forcedStandby);
        if (allowed != ActivityManager.APP_START_MODE_NORMAL) {
            Slog.w(TAG, "Background start not allowed: service "
                    + service + " to " + r.shortInstanceName
                    + " from pid=" + callingPid + " uid=" + callingUid
                    + " pkg=" + callingPackage + " startFg?=" + fgRequired);
            // ...
            UidRecord uidRec = mAm.mProcessList.getUidRecordLOSP(r.appInfo.uid);
            return new ComponentName("?", "app is in background uid " + uidRec);
        }
    }
    // ...
    // 3. 進(jìn)入下一步 Service 啟動(dòng)過程
    return startServiceInnerLocked(r, service, callingUid, callingPid, fgRequired, callerFg,
            allowBackgroundActivityStarts, backgroundActivityStartsToken);
}

private ComponentName startServiceInnerLocked(ServiceRecord r, Intent service,
        int callingUid, int callingPid, boolean fgRequired, boolean callerFg,
        boolean allowBackgroundActivityStarts, @Nullable IBinder backgroundActivityStartsToken)
        throws TransactionTooLargeException {
    // ...
    // 1. 更新 ServiceRecord 數(shù)據(jù)
    r.lastActivity = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
    r.startRequested = true;
    r.delayedStop = false;
    r.fgRequired = fgRequired;
    // 保存即將發(fā)送給 Service 的參數(shù)
    r.pendingStarts.add(new ServiceRecord.StartItem(r, false, r.makeNextStartId(),
            service, neededGrants, callingUid));
    // 授予 app 啟動(dòng)前臺(tái) Service 的 app op 權(quán)限
    if (fgRequired) {
        // ...
    }
    // 下面一段，確定 addToStarting 的值
    final ServiceMap smap = getServiceMapLocked(r.userId);
    boolean addToStarting = false;
    // 注意這里的判斷條件
    // !callerFg 表示調(diào)用方不處于前臺(tái)
    // !fgRequired 表示啟動(dòng)的是 非前臺(tái)Service
    // r.app == null 表示 Service 還沒有啟動(dòng)過
    if (!callerFg && !fgRequired && r.app == null
            && mAm.mUserController.hasStartedUserState(r.userId)) {
        ProcessRecord proc = mAm.getProcessRecordLocked(r.processName, r.appInfo.uid);
        if (proc == null || proc.mState.getCurProcState() > PROCESS_STATE_RECEIVER) {
            // app 沒有創(chuàng)建，或者已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建，但是在后臺(tái)沒有運(yùn)行任何四大組件
            // ...
            // 延時(shí)Service不在這里啟動(dòng)，直接返回
            if (r.delayed) {
                return r.name;
            }
            // 如果目前要啟動(dòng)非前臺(tái)Service超時(shí)過了最大數(shù)量的，那么當(dāng)前這個(gè)Service，要設(shè)置為延時(shí) Service
            // 而延時(shí) Service 不在這里啟動(dòng)，因此直接返回
            if (smap.mStartingBackground.size() >= mMaxStartingBackground) {
                // Something else is starting, delay!
                Slog.i(TAG_SERVICE, "Delaying start of: " + r);
                smap.mDelayedStartList.add(r);
                r.delayed = true;
                return r.name;
            }
            addToStarting = true;
        } else if (proc.mState.getCurProcState() >= ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_SERVICE) {
            // app 處于后臺(tái)，但是只運(yùn)行了 service 和 receiver
            addToStarting = true;
        }
    }
    // allowBackgroundActivityStarts 目前為 false
    if (allowBackgroundActivityStarts) {
        r.allowBgActivityStartsOnServiceStart(backgroundActivityStartsToken);
    }
    // 2. 繼續(xù)下一階段的啟動(dòng)流程
    ComponentName cmp = startServiceInnerLocked(smap, service, r, callerFg, addToStarting);
    return cmp;
}

// ActiveServices.java
ComponentName startServiceInnerLocked(ServiceMap smap, Intent service, ServiceRecord r,
        boolean callerFg, boolean addToStarting) throws TransactionTooLargeException {
    synchronized (mAm.mProcessStats.mLock) {
        final ServiceState stracker = r.getTracker();
        if (stracker != null) {
            stracker.setStarted(true, mAm.mProcessStats.getMemFactorLocked(), r.lastActivity);
        }
    }
    // 是否調(diào)用 onStart()
    r.callStart = false;
    final int uid = r.appInfo.uid;
    final String packageName = r.name.getPackageName();
    final String serviceName = r.name.getClassName();
    FrameworkStatsLog.write(FrameworkStatsLog.SERVICE_STATE_CHANGED, uid, packageName,
            serviceName, FrameworkStatsLog.SERVICE_STATE_CHANGED__STATE__START);
    mAm.mBatteryStatsService.noteServiceStartRunning(uid, packageName, serviceName);
    // 1. 拉起 Service
    String error = bringUpServiceLocked(r, service.getFlags(), callerFg,
            false /* whileRestarting */,
            false /* permissionsReviewRequired */,
            false /* packageFrozen */,
            true /* enqueueOomAdj */);
    /* Will be a no-op if nothing pending */
    mAm.updateOomAdjPendingTargetsLocked(OomAdjuster.OOM_ADJ_REASON_START_SERVICE);
    if (error != null) {
        return new ComponentName("!!", error);
    }
    // 優(yōu)化后臺(tái)Service啟動(dòng)過多的情況
    if (r.startRequested && addToStarting) {
        boolean first = smap.mStartingBackground.size() == 0;
        smap.mStartingBackground.add(r);
        // 設(shè)置一個(gè)超時(shí)時(shí)間
        r.startingBgTimeout = SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + mAm.mConstants.BG_START_TIMEOUT;
        if (first) {
            smap.rescheduleDelayedStartsLocked();
        }
    } else if (callerFg || r.fgRequired) {
        smap.ensureNotStartingBackgroundLocked(r);
    }
    return r.name;
}

private String bringUpServiceLocked(ServiceRecord r, int intentFlags, boolean execInFg,
        boolean whileRestarting, boolean permissionsReviewRequired, boolean packageFrozen,
        boolean enqueueOomAdj)
        throws TransactionTooLargeException {
    // 1. 如果 Service 已經(jīng)啟動(dòng)過一次，直接發(fā)送發(fā)送參數(shù)給 Service 即可
    // 因?yàn)橹挥?Service 啟動(dòng)過，r.app 才不為 null
    if (r.app != null && r.app.getThread() != null) {
        sendServiceArgsLocked(r, execInFg, false);
        return null;
    }
    // ...
    final boolean isolated = (r.serviceInfo.flags&ServiceInfo.FLAG_ISOLATED_PROCESS) != 0;
    final String procName = r.processName;
    HostingRecord hostingRecord = new HostingRecord("service", r.instanceName);
    ProcessRecord app;
    if (!isolated) {
        // 1. Service 進(jìn)程存在，但是 Service 還沒有啟動(dòng)過，那么通知宿主進(jìn)程啟動(dòng) Service
        // 由于前面已經(jīng)判斷過 r.app 不為 null 的情況，所以這里處理的就是 Service 沒有啟動(dòng)過的情況
        app = mAm.getProcessRecordLocked(procName, r.appInfo.uid);
        if (app != null) { // 進(jìn)程粗在
            final IApplicationThread thread = app.getThread();
            final int pid = app.getPid();
            final UidRecord uidRecord = app.getUidRecord();
            if (thread != null) { // attach application 已經(jīng)完成
                try {
                    app.addPackage(r.appInfo.packageName, r.appInfo.longVersionCode,
                            mAm.mProcessStats);
                    realStartServiceLocked(r, app, thread, pid, uidRecord, execInFg,
                            enqueueOomAdj);
                    return null;
                } 
                // ...
            }
        }
    } else {
        // ...
    }
    // 3. Service 所在的進(jìn)程沒有運(yùn)行，那么要 fork 一個(gè)進(jìn)程
    if (app == null && !permissionsReviewRequired && !packageFrozen) {
        // TODO (chriswailes): Change the Zygote policy flags based on if the launch-for-service
        //  was initiated from a notification tap or not.
        if ((app = mAm.startProcessLocked(procName, r.appInfo, true, intentFlags,
                    hostingRecord, ZYGOTE_POLICY_FLAG_EMPTY, false, isolated)) == null) {
            String msg = "Unable to launch app "
                    + r.appInfo.packageName + "/"
                    + r.appInfo.uid + " for service "
                    + r.intent.getIntent() + ": process is bad";
            Slog.w(TAG, msg);
            bringDownServiceLocked(r, enqueueOomAdj);
            return msg;
        }
        if (isolated) {
            r.isolatedProc = app;
        }
    }
    // 對(duì)于前臺(tái) Service 的 app, 暫時(shí)添加到省電模式白名單中
    if (r.fgRequired) {
        mAm.tempAllowlistUidLocked(r.appInfo.uid,
                SERVICE_START_FOREGROUND_TIMEOUT, REASON_SERVICE_LAUNCH,
                "fg-service-launch",
                TEMPORARY_ALLOW_LIST_TYPE_FOREGROUND_SERVICE_ALLOWED,
                r.mRecentCallingUid);
    }
    // 3.1 mPendingServices 保存正在等待進(jìn)程起來的 Service
    // 進(jìn)程起來后，執(zhí)行 attach application 過程時(shí)，會(huì)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)這個(gè) Service
    if (!mPendingServices.contains(r)) {
        mPendingServices.add(r);
    }
    if (r.delayedStop) {
        // ...
    }
    return null;
}

    private boolean attachApplicationLocked(@NonNull IApplicationThread thread,
            int pid, int callingUid, long startSeq) {
        // ...
        try {
            // ...
            // 進(jìn)程初始化
            if (app.getIsolatedEntryPoint() != null) {
                // This is an isolated process which should just call an entry point instead of
                // being bound to an application.
                thread.runIsolatedEntryPoint(
                        app.getIsolatedEntryPoint(), app.getIsolatedEntryPointArgs());
            } else if (instr2 != null) {
                thread.bindApplication(processName, appInfo, providerList,
                        instr2.mClass,
                        profilerInfo, instr2.mArguments,
                        instr2.mWatcher,
                        instr2.mUiAutomationConnection, testMode,
                        mBinderTransactionTrackingEnabled, enableTrackAllocation,
                        isRestrictedBackupMode || !normalMode, app.isPersistent(),
                        new Configuration(app.getWindowProcessController().getConfiguration()),
                        app.getCompat(), getCommonServicesLocked(app.isolated),
                        mCoreSettingsObserver.getCoreSettingsLocked(),
                        buildSerial, autofillOptions, contentCaptureOptions,
                        app.getDisabledCompatChanges(), serializedSystemFontMap);
            } else {
                thread.bindApplication(processName, appInfo, providerList, null, profilerInfo,
                        null, null, null, testMode,
                        mBinderTransactionTrackingEnabled, enableTrackAllocation,
                        isRestrictedBackupMode || !normalMode, app.isPersistent(),
                        new Configuration(app.getWindowProcessController().getConfiguration()),
                        app.getCompat(), getCommonServicesLocked(app.isolated),
                        mCoreSettingsObserver.getCoreSettingsLocked(),
                        buildSerial, autofillOptions, contentCaptureOptions,
                        app.getDisabledCompatChanges(), serializedSystemFontMap);
            }
            // ...
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // ...
            return false;
        }
        // ...
        if (!badApp) {
            try {
                // 啟動(dòng)等待進(jìn)程的 Service
                didSomething |= mServices.attachApplicationLocked(app, processName);
                checkTime(startTime, "attachApplicationLocked: after mServices.attachApplicationLocked");
            }
        }
        // ...
        return true;
    }

// ActiveServices.java
boolean attachApplicationLocked(ProcessRecord proc, String processName)
        throws RemoteException {
    boolean didSomething = false;
    // mPendingServices 保存的就是那些等待進(jìn)程起來的 Service
    if (mPendingServices.size() > 0) {
        ServiceRecord sr = null;
        try {
            // 遍歷 mPendingServices ，啟動(dòng)屬于該進(jìn)程的所有 Service
            for (int i=0; i<mPendingServices.size(); i++) {
                sr = mPendingServices.get(i);
                // 過濾掉不屬于這個(gè)進(jìn)程的 Service
                if (proc != sr.isolatedProc && (proc.uid != sr.appInfo.uid
                        || !processName.equals(sr.processName))) {
                    continue;
                }
                final IApplicationThread thread = proc.getThread();
                final int pid = proc.getPid();
                final UidRecord uidRecord = proc.getUidRecord();
                mPendingServices.remove(i);
                i--;
                proc.addPackage(sr.appInfo.packageName, sr.appInfo.longVersionCode,
                        mAm.mProcessStats);
                // 啟動(dòng) Service
                realStartServiceLocked(sr, proc, thread, pid, uidRecord, sr.createdFromFg,
                        true);
                didSomething = true;
                if (!isServiceNeededLocked(sr, false, false)) {
                    bringDownServiceLocked(sr, true);
                }
                mAm.updateOomAdjPendingTargetsLocked(OomAdjuster.OOM_ADJ_REASON_START_SERVICE);
            }
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // ...
        }
    }
    // 處理進(jìn)程重啟而需要重啟的 Service
    if (mRestartingServices.size() > 0) {
        // ...
    }
    return didSomething;
}

// ActiveServices.java
private void realStartServiceLocked(ServiceRecord r, ProcessRecord app,
        IApplicationThread thread, int pid, UidRecord uidRecord, boolean execInFg,
        boolean enqueueOomAdj) throws RemoteException {
    // ...
    // 注意，r.app 的值才不為 null，也就是 ServiceRecord#app 不為 null
    // 因此可以通過 r.app 判斷 Service 是否已經(jīng)啟動(dòng)過
    r.setProcess(app, thread, pid, uidRecord);
    r.restartTime = r.lastActivity = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
    final ProcessServiceRecord psr = app.mServices;
    final boolean newService = psr.startService(r);
    // 注意，這里實(shí)現(xiàn)了 Service 超時(shí)的功能
    bumpServiceExecutingLocked(r, execInFg, "create", null /* oomAdjReason */);
    mAm.updateLruProcessLocked(app, false, null);
    updateServiceForegroundLocked(psr, /* oomAdj= */ false);
    // Force an immediate oomAdjUpdate, so the client app could be in the correct process state
    // before doing any service related transactions
    mAm.enqueueOomAdjTargetLocked(app);
    mAm.updateOomAdjLocked(app, OomAdjuster.OOM_ADJ_REASON_START_SERVICE);
    boolean created = false;
    try {
        // ...
        // 1. 通知宿主進(jìn)程創(chuàng)建Service
        thread.scheduleCreateService(r, r.serviceInfo,
                mAm.compatibilityInfoForPackage(r.serviceInfo.applicationInfo),
                app.mState.getReportedProcState());
        r.postNotification();
        created = true;
        // ...
    } catch (DeadObjectException e) {
        // ...
    } finally {
        if (!created) {
            // ...
        }
    }
    // ...
    // 2. 發(fā)送參數(shù)給 Service
    sendServiceArgsLocked(r, execInFg, true);
    if (r.delayed) {
        // ...
    }
    if (r.delayedStop) {
        // ...
    }
}

// ActivityThread.java
private void handleCreateService(CreateServiceData data) {
    unscheduleGcIdler();
    LoadedApk packageInfo = getPackageInfoNoCheck(
            data.info.applicationInfo, data.compatInfo);
    Service service = null;
    try {
        // 創(chuàng)建 Application，并調(diào)用 Application#onCreate()
        Application app = packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation);
        final java.lang.ClassLoader cl;
        if (data.info.splitName != null) {
            cl = packageInfo.getSplitClassLoader(data.info.splitName);
        } else {
            cl = packageInfo.getClassLoader();
        }
        // 創(chuàng)建 Service
        service = packageInfo.getAppFactory()
                .instantiateService(cl, data.info.name, data.intent);
        ContextImpl context = ContextImpl.getImpl(service
                .createServiceBaseContext(this, packageInfo));
        if (data.info.splitName != null) {
            context = (ContextImpl) context.createContextForSplit(data.info.splitName);
        }
        if (data.info.attributionTags != null && data.info.attributionTags.length > 0) {
            final String attributionTag = data.info.attributionTags[0];
            context = (ContextImpl) context.createAttributionContext(attributionTag);
        }
        context.getResources().addLoaders(
                app.getResources().getLoaders().toArray(new ResourcesLoader[0]));
        context.setOuterContext(service);
        service.attach(context, this, data.info.name, data.token, app,
                ActivityManager.getService());
        // 執(zhí)行 Service#onCreate()
        service.onCreate();
        mServicesData.put(data.token, data);
        mServices.put(data.token, service);
        // 通知服務(wù)端Service創(chuàng)建成功
        try {
            ActivityManager.getService().serviceDoneExecuting(
                    data.token, SERVICE_DONE_EXECUTING_ANON, 0, 0);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
        }
    } catch (Exception e) {
        // ...
    }
}

// ActivityThread.java
private void handleServiceArgs(ServiceArgsData data) {
    CreateServiceData createData = mServicesData.get(data.token);
    Service s = mServices.get(data.token);
    if (s != null) {
        try {
            if (data.args != null) {
                data.args.setExtrasClassLoader(s.getClassLoader());
                data.args.prepareToEnterProcess(isProtectedComponent(createData.info),
                        s.getAttributionSource());
            }
            int res;
            if (!data.taskRemoved) {
                // 調(diào)用 Service#onStartCommand() 接收參數(shù)，并執(zhí)行任務(wù)
                // 注意，這里是在主線程
                res = s.onStartCommand(data.args, data.flags, data.startId);
            } else {
                s.onTaskRemoved(data.args);
                res = Service.START_TASK_REMOVED_COMPLETE;
            }
            QueuedWork.waitToFinish();
            try {
                // 把 Service#onStartCommand() 的執(zhí)行結(jié)果反饋給服務(wù)端
                // 因?yàn)檫@個(gè)結(jié)果影響到 Service 重啟的方式
                ActivityManager.getService().serviceDoneExecuting(
                        data.token, SERVICE_DONE_EXECUTING_START, data.startId, res);
            } catch (RemoteException e) {
                throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // ...
        }
    }
}

// ActiveServices.java
void serviceDoneExecutingLocked(ServiceRecord r, int type, int startId, int res,
        boolean enqueueOomAdj) {
    boolean inDestroying = mDestroyingServices.contains(r);
    if (r != null) {
        if (type == ActivityThread.SERVICE_DONE_EXECUTING_START) {
            // 注意了，ServiceRecord#callStart , 是在 Service 執(zhí)行完 onStartCommand() 并反饋結(jié)果后，才設(shè)置為 true
            r.callStart = true;
            switch (res) {
                case Service.START_STICKY_COMPATIBILITY:
                // Service 會(huì)重啟，但是不會(huì)收到原來的啟動(dòng)參數(shù)
                case Service.START_STICKY: {
                    // 注意最后一個(gè)參數(shù)為 true
                    // 它表示從已發(fā)送的參數(shù) Service#deliveredStarts 中移除此次執(zhí)行的參數(shù)
                    // 因?yàn)镾ervice重啟時(shí)，不需要這個(gè)參數(shù)
                    r.findDeliveredStart(startId, false, true);
                    // Don't stop if killed.
                    r.stopIfKilled = false;
                    break;
                }
                case Service.START_NOT_STICKY: {
                    // ...
                    break;
                }
                // Service 會(huì)重啟，并且也會(huì)收到原來的啟動(dòng)參數(shù)
                case Service.START_REDELIVER_INTENT: {
                    // 注意最后一個(gè)參數(shù) true
                    // 它表示不需要從已發(fā)送的參數(shù) Service#deliveredStarts 中移除此次執(zhí)行的參數(shù)
                    // 因此Service重啟時(shí)，需要這個(gè)參數(shù)
                    ServiceRecord.StartItem si = r.findDeliveredStart(startId, false, false);
                    if (si != null) {
                        si.deliveryCount = 0;
                        si.doneExecutingCount++;
                        // Don't stop if killed.
                        r.stopIfKilled = true;
                    }
                    break;
                }
                // ...
            }
            if (res == Service.START_STICKY_COMPATIBILITY) {
                r.callStart = false;
            }
        } else if (type == ActivityThread.SERVICE_DONE_EXECUTING_STOP) {
            // ...
        }
        final long origId = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        // 主要更新 oom ajd
        serviceDoneExecutingLocked(r, inDestroying, inDestroying, enqueueOomAdj);
        Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(origId);
    }
}