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給初學(xué)者的30條PHP最佳實踐(荒野無燈)

更新時間：2011年08月02日 19:22:23 作者：

給初學(xué)者的30條PHP最佳實踐,需要的朋友可以參考下。

1，和PHP手冊成為好朋友
2，打開Error Reporting
Error reporting 在 PHP 開發(fā)時是很有幫助的. 你可以在你代碼中發(fā)現(xiàn)先前你沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)的錯誤，因為并不是所有的BUG都會讓程序運行不了的。當(dāng)產(chǎn)品正式使用時，才有必要關(guān)掉錯誤報告，不然顧客看到一堆奇怪的字符不知道那是什么意思。
3，使用IDE
IDE (集成開發(fā)環(huán)境，Integrated Development Environments)對于開發(fā)者來說是很有幫助的工具.
荒野在這里推薦netbeans IDE 。
4. 試著使用一個PHP 框架
5.學(xué)習(xí)DRY方法
DRY 代表 Don't Repeat Yourself，它是一個有價值的編程概念，不管是什么語言。DRY編程，顧名思義，是確保你不寫多余的代碼。
6.使用空格縮進(jìn)代碼來提高可讀性
7. “Tier” your Code
給你的應(yīng)用程序分層，分成不同部位的不同組成部分的代碼。這使得您可以輕松地在未來改變你的代碼。如常用的MVC模式。
8. 總是使用 <?php ?>
9.使用有意義的，一致的命名約定
10.注釋、注釋、注釋
11.安裝MAMP/WAMP
12.給你的腳本限制運行時間
通常PHP腳本的運行時間被限制為30秒，超過這個時間PHP將拋出一個致命錯誤。
13.使用OOP
14.知道雙引號和單引號的不同
15.不要在網(wǎng)站的根目錄放phpinfo()
16.永遠(yuǎn)不要信任你的用戶
17.加密存儲密碼
Rebuttal:
Keep in mind, however, that MD5 hashes have long since been compromised. They're absolutely more secure than not, but, with the use of an enormous “rainbow table,” hackers can cross reference your hash. To add even more security, consider adding a salt as well. A salt is basically an additional set of characters that you append to the user's string.
18.使用可視化數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計工具
如 DBDesigner 和 MySQL Workbench
19.使用輸出緩沖
Rebuttal: Though not required, it's generally considered to be a good practice to go ahead and append the “ob_end_flush();” function as well to the bottom of the document. P.S. Want to compress the HTML as well? Simply replace “ob_start();” with “ob_start(‘ob_gzhandler')”;
Refer to this Dev-tips article for more information.

復(fù)制代碼代碼如下:

 
<!DOCTYPE html> 
<?php ob_start('ob_gzhandler'); ?> 
<html lang="en"> 
<head> 
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> 
<title>untitled</title> 
</head> 
<body> 

</body> 
</html> 
<?php ob_end_flush(); ?> 

20.保護(hù)你的代碼避免SQL注射

復(fù)制代碼代碼如下:

 
$username = mysql_real_escape_string( $GET['username'] ); 
　　$id = $_GET['id']; 
$statement = $connection->prepare( "SELECT * FROM tbl_members WHERE id = ?" ); 
$statement->bind_param( "i", $id ); 
$statement->execute(); 

By using prepared statements, we never embed the user's inputted data directly into our query. Instead, we use the “bind_param” method to bind the values (and escaping) to the query. Much safer, and, notably, faster when executing multiple CRUD statements at once.
21.嘗試ORM　（object relational mapping）
ORM libraries for PHP like Propel, and ORM is built into PHP frameworks like CakePHP.
22.緩存數(shù)據(jù)庫驅(qū)動頁面
如：

復(fù)制代碼代碼如下:

 
// TOP of your script 
$cachefile = 'cache/'.basename($_SERVER['SCRIPT_URI']); 
$cachetime = 120 * 60; // 2 hours 
// Serve from the cache if it is younger than $cachetime 
if (file_exists($cachefile) && (time() - $cachetime < filemtime($cachefile))) { 
include($cachefile); 
echo "<!-- Cached ".date('jS F Y H:i', filemtime($cachefile))." -->"; 
exit; 
} 
ob_start(); // start the output buffer 
// Your normal PHP script and HTML content here 
// BOTTOM of your script 
$fp = fopen($cachefile, 'w'); // open the cache file for writing 
fwrite($fp, ob_get_contents()); // save the contents of output buffer to the file 
fclose($fp); // close the file 
ob_end_flush(); // Send the output to the browser 

23.使用緩存系統(tǒng)

Memcached
APC
XCache
Zend Cache
eAccelerator

24.驗證Cookie數(shù)據(jù)
Cookie data, like any data passed on the Web, can be harmful. You can validate cookie data with either the htmlspecialchars() or mysql_real_escape_string().
25.使用靜態(tài)文件緩存系統(tǒng)
如Smarty的是一個內(nèi)置緩存的強大的模板系統(tǒng)。
26.分析你的代碼
Profiling your code with a tool like xdebug can help you to quickly spot bottlenecks and other potential problems in your PHP code. Some IDEs like Netbeans have PHP profiling capabilities as well.
27.編碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
如 Pear標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
28. Keep Functions Outside of Loops
You take a hit of performance when you include functions inside of loops. The larger the loop that you have, the longer the execution time will take. Take the extra time and line of code and place the function outside of the loop.
Editor's Note: Think of it this way. Try to remove as many operations from the loop as possible. Do you really need to create that variable for every iteration of the loop? Do you really need to create the function each time? Of course not.
29.不要復(fù)制不額外的變量(事實上這一條值得懷疑，見下面的說明）
如：

復(fù)制代碼代碼如下:

 
$description = strip_tags($_POST['description']); 
echo $description; 

可以寫成如下：
echo strip_tags($_POST['description']);
Rebuttal: In reference to the comment about “doubling the memory,” this actually is a common misconception. PHP implements “copy-on-write” memory management. This basically means that you can assign a value to as many variables as you like without having to worry about the data actually being copied. While it's arguable that the “Good” example exemplified above might make for cleaner code, I highly doubt that it's any quicker.
也就是說PHP實現(xiàn)“copy-on-write” 的內(nèi)存管理方式，上面第一種代碼并不會存在占用雙倍內(nèi)存的情況。因此Rebuttal嚴(yán)重懷疑第二種方式的代碼是否真的比前面的快。
30.更新到最新版本的PHP
31.減少數(shù)據(jù)庫查詢次數(shù)
32.勇敢地提問
像StackOverflow等都是好去處。

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