在Ubuntu使用SQL?Server創(chuàng)建Go應(yīng)用程序的圖文教程
一、設(shè)置環(huán)境
在 Ubuntu 機(jī)器上安裝 SQL Server 2017和安裝運(yùn)行 GoLang 所需的依賴項(xiàng)。
1.1、安裝 SQL Server
為了確保 SQL Server 的最佳性能，計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)至少具有 4 GB 的內(nèi)存。
（1）注冊(cè) Microsoft Linux 存儲(chǔ)庫(kù)并添加其密鑰。
curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | sudo apt-key add - curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/16.04/mssql-server-2017.list | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mssql-server-2017.list
（2）安裝 SQL Server。
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install mssql-server
執(zhí)行結(jié)果：
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
mssql-server
...
Unpacking mssql-server ...
Setting up mssql-server ...
（3）設(shè)置 SQL Server。
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf setup
執(zhí)行結(jié)果：
Microsoft(R) SQL Server(R) Setup
To abort setup at anytime, press Ctrl-C.
The license terms for this product can be downloaded from http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=746388 and
found in /usr/share/doc/mssql-server/LICENSE.TXT.Do you accept the license terms? If so, please type YES:
Please enter a password for the system administrator (SA) account:
Please confirm the password for the system administrator (SA) account:
1.2、安裝 GoLang
如果您的機(jī)器上已經(jīng)安裝了 Go，請(qǐng)?zhí)^(guò)此步驟。
（1）下載安裝。
curl -O https://storage.googleapis.com/golang/go1.8.linux-amd64.tar.gz tar xvf go1.8.linux-amd64.tar.gz sudo chown -R root:root ./go sudo mv go /usr/local
（2）將這兩行添加到 ~/.profile 文件中。
export GOPATH=$HOME/work export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin:$GOPATH/bin
1.3、安裝 ODBC 驅(qū)動(dòng)程序和 SQL 命令行實(shí)用工具 SQL 服務(wù)器
SQLCMD 是一個(gè)命令行工具，能夠連接到 SQL Server 并運(yùn)行查詢。
（1）下載適用于操作系統(tǒng)版本的軟件包。
sudo su curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | apt-key add - #Download appropriate package for the OS version #Choose only ONE of the following, corresponding to your OS version #Ubuntu 16.04 curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/16.04/prod.list > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mssql-release.list #Ubuntu 18.04 curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/18.04/prod.list > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mssql-release.list #Ubuntu 19.10 curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/19.10/prod.list > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mssql-release.list exit sudo apt-get update sudo ACCEPT_EULA=Y apt-get install msodbcsql17 # optional: for bcp and sqlcmd sudo ACCEPT_EULA=Y apt-get install mssql-tools echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >> ~/.bash_profile echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >> ~/.bashrc source ~/.bashrc # optional: for unixODBC development headers sudo apt-get install unixodbc-dev
（2）安裝 SQLCMD 后，可以使用以下命令連接到 SQL Server：
sqlcmd -S localhost -U sa -P yourpassword 1> # You're connected! Type your T-SQL statements here. Use the keyword 'GO' to execute each batch of statements.
（3）測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。結(jié)果將打印到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸出。
sqlcmd -S localhost -U sa -P yourpassword -Q "SELECT @@VERSION"
--------------------------------------------------------
Microsoft SQL Server vNext (CTP2.0) - 14.0.500.272 (X64)
Apr 2 2023 11:44:40
Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
on Linux (Ubuntu 16.04)1 rows(s) returned
Executed in 1 ns
至此，已成功在 Ubuntu 機(jī)器上安裝 SQL Server 命令行實(shí)用程序，已經(jīng)在 Ubuntu 計(jì)算機(jī)上成功安裝并設(shè)置 GoLang 和 mssql-tools。現(xiàn)在擁有開(kāi)始使用 SQL Server 編寫 Go 應(yīng)用程序所需的一切。
二、使用 SQL 服務(wù)器創(chuàng)建 Go 應(yīng)用程序
安裝 SQL Server 和 GoLang 后，現(xiàn)在可以繼續(xù)創(chuàng)建新的 Go 項(xiàng)目。在這里，將探討三個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的應(yīng)用程序。其中一個(gè)將連接并打印數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)服務(wù)器的SQL Server版本，另一個(gè)將執(zhí)行基本的插入，更新，刪除和選擇操作，第三個(gè)將使用GORM，一種流行的對(duì)象關(guān)系映射（ORM）框架，用于Go執(zhí)行相同的操作。
2.1、創(chuàng)建連接到 SQL Server 并執(zhí)行查詢的 Go 應(yīng)用
（1）創(chuàng)建新的項(xiàng)目目錄并安裝 Go 依賴項(xiàng)。
cd ~/ #Create Project Directory mkdir SqlServerSample cd SqlServerSample # Get and install the SQL Server driver for Go go get github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb go install github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb
（2）通過(guò)使用 sqlcmd 連接到 SQL Server 并執(zhí)行以下命令，創(chuàng)建將用于本教程其余部分的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。不要忘記使用自己的用戶名和密碼更新用戶名和密碼。
sqlcmd -S 127.0.0.1 -U sa -P <你的> -Q "CREATE DATABASE SampleDB;"
（3）創(chuàng)建一個(gè)連接到 SQL Server 的簡(jiǎn)單 Go 應(yīng)用。
在 SqlServerSample 文件夾中創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為 connect.go 的文件。將以下內(nèi)容復(fù)制并粘貼到文件中。不要忘記使用自己的用戶名和密碼更新用戶名和密碼。
此示例使用 GoLang 上下文方法來(lái)確保存在與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)服務(wù)器的活動(dòng)連接。
package main
import (
_ "github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb"
"database/sql"
"context"
"log"
"fmt"
)
// Replace with your own connection parameters
var server = "localhost"
var port = 1433
var user = "sa"
var password = "xxxxxx"
var db *sql.DB
func main() {
var err error
// Create connection string
connString := fmt.Sprintf("server=%s;user id=%s;password=%s;port=%d",
server, user, password, port)
// Create connection pool
db, err = sql.Open("sqlserver", connString)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Error creating connection pool: " + err.Error())
}
log.Printf("Connected!\n")
// Close the database connection pool after program executes
defer db.Close()
SelectVersion()
}
// Gets and prints SQL Server version
func SelectVersion(){
// Use background context
ctx := context.Background()
// Ping database to see if it's still alive.
// Important for handling network issues and long queries.
err := db.PingContext(ctx)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Error pinging database: " + err.Error())
}
var result string
// Run query and scan for result
err = db.QueryRowContext(ctx, "SELECT @@version").Scan(&result)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Scan failed:", err.Error())
}
fmt.Printf("%s\n", result)
}
（4）運(yùn)行應(yīng)用程序。
go run connect.go
執(zhí)行結(jié)果：
Connected!
Microsoft SQL Server 2017 (CTP2.1) - 14.0.600.250 (X64)
Apr 2 2017 12:21:23
Copyright (C) 2017 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Developer Edition (64-bit) on Linux (Ubuntu 16.04.2 LTS)
（5）在 SqlServerSample 文件夾中創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為 CreateTestData 的文件.sql。將以下 T-SQL 代碼復(fù)制并粘貼到其中。這將創(chuàng)建一個(gè)架構(gòu)、表并插入幾行。
CREATE SCHEMA TestSchema; GO CREATE TABLE TestSchema.Employees ( Id INT IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, Name NVARCHAR(50), Location NVARCHAR(50) ); GO INSERT INTO TestSchema.Employees (Name, Location) VALUES (N'Jared', N'Australia'), (N'Nikita', N'India'), (N'Tom', N'Germany'); GO SELECT * FROM TestSchema.Employees; GO
（6）使用 sqlcmd 連接到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)并運(yùn)行 SQL 腳本以創(chuàng)建架構(gòu)、表并插入一些行。
sqlcmd -S 127.0.0.1 -U sa -P <你的> -d SampleDB -i ./CreateTestData.sql
執(zhí)行結(jié)果：
CREATE SCHEMA TestSchema; Executed in 0 ms CREATE TABLE TestSchema.Employees ( Id INT IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, Name NVARCHAR(50), Location NVARCHAR(50) ); Executed in 0 ms INSERT INTO TestSchema.Employees (Name, Location) VALUES (N'Jared', N'Australia'), (N'Nikita', N'India'), (N'Tom', N'Germany'); Executed in 0 ms SELECT * FROM TestSchema.Employees; Id Name Location -- ------ --------- 1 Jared Australia 2 Nikita India 3 Tom Germany 3 row(s) returned Executed in 1 ms
（7）在 SqlServerSample 文件夾中創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為 crud.go 的新文件。將以下代碼復(fù)制并粘貼到其中。這將插入、更新、刪除和讀取幾行。
package main
import (
_ "github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb"
"database/sql"
"context"
"log"
"fmt"
"errors"
)
var db *sql.DB
var server = "localhost"
var port = 1433
var user = "sa"
var password = "你的"
var database = "SampleDB"
func main() {
// Build connection string
connString := fmt.Sprintf("server=%s;user id=%s;password=%s;port=%d;database=%s;",
server, user, password, port, database)
var err error
// Create connection pool
db, err = sql.Open("sqlserver", connString)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Error creating connection pool: ", err.Error())
}
ctx := context.Background()
err = db.PingContext(ctx)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err.Error())
}
fmt.Printf("Connected!\n")
// Create employee
createID, err := CreateEmployee("Jake", "United States")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Error creating Employee: ", err.Error())
}
fmt.Printf("Inserted ID: %d successfully.\n", createID)
// Read employees
count, err := ReadEmployees()
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Error reading Employees: ", err.Error())
}
fmt.Printf("Read %d row(s) successfully.\n", count)
// Update from database
updatedRows, err := UpdateEmployee("Jake", "Poland")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Error updating Employee: ", err.Error())
}
fmt.Printf("Updated %d row(s) successfully.\n", updatedRows)
// Delete from database
deletedRows, err := DeleteEmployee("Jake")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Error deleting Employee: ", err.Error())
}
fmt.Printf("Deleted %d row(s) successfully.\n", deletedRows)
}
// CreateEmployee inserts an employee record
func CreateEmployee(name string, location string) (int64, error) {
ctx := context.Background()
var err error
if db == nil {
err = errors.New("CreateEmployee: db is null")
return -1, err
}
// Check if database is alive.
err = db.PingContext(ctx)
if err != nil {
return -1, err
}
tsql := "INSERT INTO TestSchema.Employees (Name, Location) VALUES (@Name, @Location); select convert(bigint, SCOPE_IDENTITY());"
stmt, err := db.Prepare(tsql)
if err != nil {
return -1, err
}
defer stmt.Close()
row := stmt.QueryRowContext(
ctx,
sql.Named("Name", name),
sql.Named("Location", location))
var newID int64
err = row.Scan(&newID)
if err != nil {
return -1, err
}
return newID, nil
}
// ReadEmployees reads all employee records
func ReadEmployees() (int, error) {
ctx := context.Background()
// Check if database is alive.
err := db.PingContext(ctx)
if err != nil {
return -1, err
}
tsql := fmt.Sprintf("SELECT Id, Name, Location FROM TestSchema.Employees;")
// Execute query
rows, err := db.QueryContext(ctx, tsql)
if err != nil {
return -1, err
}
defer rows.Close()
var count int
// Iterate through the result set.
for rows.Next() {
var name, location string
var id int
// Get values from row.
err := rows.Scan(&id, &name, &location)
if err != nil {
return -1, err
}
fmt.Printf("ID: %d, Name: %s, Location: %s\n", id, name, location)
count++
}
return count, nil
}
// UpdateEmployee updates an employee's information
func UpdateEmployee(name string, location string) (int64, error) {
ctx := context.Background()
// Check if database is alive.
err := db.PingContext(ctx)
if err != nil {
return -1, err
}
tsql := fmt.Sprintf("UPDATE TestSchema.Employees SET Location = @Location WHERE Name = @Name")
// Execute non-query with named parameters
result, err := db.ExecContext(
ctx,
tsql,
sql.Named("Location", location),
sql.Named("Name", name))
if err != nil {
return -1, err
}
return result.RowsAffected()
}
// DeleteEmployee deletes an employee from the database
func DeleteEmployee(name string) (int64, error) {
ctx := context.Background()
// Check if database is alive.
err := db.PingContext(ctx)
if err != nil {
return -1, err
}
tsql := fmt.Sprintf("DELETE FROM TestSchema.Employees WHERE Name = @Name;")
// Execute non-query with named parameters
result, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, tsql, sql.Named("Name", name))
if err != nil {
return -1, err
}
return result.RowsAffected()
}
（8）運(yùn)行 crud.go 應(yīng)用以查看結(jié)果。
go run crud.go
執(zhí)行結(jié)果：
Connected!
Inserted ID: 4 successfully.
ID: 1, Name: Jared, Location: Australia
ID: 2, Name: Nikita, Location: India
ID: 3, Name: Tom, Location: Germany
ID: 4, Name: Jake, Location: United States
Read 4 row(s) successfully.
Updated 1 row(s) successfully.
Deleted 1 row(s) successfully.
2.2、創(chuàng)建一個(gè)使用 GORM 連接到 SQL Server 的 Go 應(yīng)用程序
（1）創(chuàng)建應(yīng)用目錄并初始化 Go 依賴項(xiàng)。
cd ~/ mkdir SqlServerGormSample cd SqlServerGormSample # Get and install the SQL Server driver for Go go get github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb go install github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb
（2）將以下內(nèi)容粘貼到名為orm.go的文件中。確保將密碼變量替換為您自己的變量。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/jinzhu/gorm"
_ "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/mssql"
"log"
)
var server = "localhost"
var port = 1433
var user = "sa"
var password = "你的"
var database = "SampleDB"
// Define a User model struct
type User struct {
gorm.Model
FirstName string
LastName string
}
// Define a Task model struct
type Task struct {
gorm.Model
Title string
DueDate string
IsComplete bool
UserID uint
}
// Read and print all the tasks
func ReadAllTasks(db *gorm.DB){
var users []User
var tasks []Task
db.Find(&users)
for _, user := range users{
db.Model(&user).Related(&tasks)
fmt.Printf("%s %s's tasks:\n", user.FirstName, user.LastName)
for _, task := range tasks {
fmt.Printf("Title: %s\nDueDate: %s\nIsComplete:%t\n\n",
task.Title, task.DueDate, task.IsComplete)
}
}
}
// Update a task based on a user
func UpdateSomeonesTask(db *gorm.DB, userId int){
var task Task
db.Where("user_id = ?", userId).First(&task).Update("Title", "Buy donuts for Luis")
fmt.Printf("Title: %s\nDueDate: %s\nIsComplete:%t\n\n",
task.Title, task.DueDate, task.IsComplete)
}
// Delete all the tasks for a user
func DeleteSomeonesTasks(db *gorm.DB, userId int){
db.Where("user_id = ?", userId).Delete(&Task{})
fmt.Printf("Deleted all tasks for user %d", userId)
}
func main() {
connectionString := fmt.Sprintf("server=%s;user id=%s;password=%s;port=%d;database=%s",
server, user, password, port, database)
db, err := gorm.Open("mssql", connectionString)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Failed to create connection pool. Error: " + err.Error())
}
gorm.DefaultCallback.Create().Remove("mssql:set_identity_insert")
defer db.Close()
fmt.Println("Migrating models...")
db.AutoMigrate(&User{})
db.AutoMigrate(&Task{})
// Create awesome Users
fmt.Println("Creating awesome users...")
db.Create(&User{FirstName: "Andrea", LastName: "Lam"}) //UserID: 1
db.Create(&User{FirstName: "Meet", LastName: "Bhagdev"}) //UserID: 2
db.Create(&User{FirstName: "Luis", LastName: "Bosquez"}) //UserID: 3
// Create appropriate Tasks for each user
fmt.Println("Creating new appropriate tasks...")
db.Create(&Task{
Title: "Do laundry", DueDate: "2017-03-30", IsComplete: false, UserID: 1})
db.Create(&Task{
Title: "Mow the lawn", DueDate: "2017-03-30", IsComplete: false, UserID: 2})
db.Create(&Task{
Title: "Do more laundry", DueDate: "2017-03-30", IsComplete: false, UserID: 3})
db.Create(&Task{
Title: "Watch TV", DueDate: "2017-03-30", IsComplete: false, UserID: 3})
// Read
fmt.Println("\nReading all the tasks...")
ReadAllTasks(db)
// Update - update Task title to something more appropriate
fmt.Println("Updating Andrea's task...")
UpdateSomeonesTask(db, 1)
// Delete - delete Luis's task
DeleteSomeonesTasks(db, 3)
}
（3）運(yùn)行 orm.go 應(yīng)用。
go run orm.go
執(zhí)行結(jié)果：
[info] removing callback `mssql:set_identity_insert` from C:/Projects/golang-experiments/tutorials/orm.go:70
Migrating models...
Creating awesome users...
Creating new appropriate tasks...Reading all the tasks...
Andrea Lam's tasks:
Title: Do laundry
DueDate: 2017-03-30
IsComplete:falseMeet Bhagdev's tasks:
Title: Mow the lawn
DueDate: 2017-03-30
IsComplete:falseLuis Bosquez's tasks:
Title: Do more laundry
DueDate: 2017-03-30
IsComplete:falseTitle: Watch TV
DueDate: 2017-03-30
IsComplete:falseUpdating Andrea's task...
Title: Buy donuts for Luis
DueDate: 2017-03-30
IsComplete:falseDeleted all tasks for user 3
三、讓 Go 應(yīng)用的速度提高 100 倍
已了解基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，接下來(lái)可以了解如何使用 SQL Server 改進(jìn)應(yīng)用。通過(guò)列存儲(chǔ)索引的簡(jiǎn)單示例，以及它們?nèi)绾翁岣邤?shù)據(jù)處理速度。與傳統(tǒng)行存儲(chǔ)索引相比，列存儲(chǔ)索引在分析工作負(fù)荷上可實(shí)現(xiàn)高達(dá) 100 倍的性能，并將數(shù)據(jù)壓縮提高多達(dá) 10 倍。
3.1、使用 sqlcmd 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)包含 5 萬(wàn)個(gè)的新表
（1）切換到主目錄并為項(xiàng)目創(chuàng)建一個(gè)文件夾。
cd ~/mkdir SqlServerColumnstoreSamplecd SqlServerColumnstoreSample
（2）在 SqlServerColumnstoreSample 文件夾中創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為 CreateSampleTable 的新文件.sql文件。將下面的 T-SQL 代碼粘貼到新的 SQL 文件中。保存并關(guān)閉文件。
WITH a AS (SELECT * FROM (VALUES(1),(2),(3),(4),(5),(6),(7),(8),(9),(10)) AS a(a)) SELECT TOP(5000000) ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.a) AS OrderItemId ,a.a + b.a + c.a + d.a + e.a + f.a + g.a + h.a AS OrderId ,a.a * 10 AS Price ,CONCAT(a.a, N' ', b.a, N' ', c.a, N' ', d.a, N' ', e.a, N' ', f.a, N' ', g.a, N' ', h.a) AS ProductName INTO Table_with_5M_rows FROM a, a AS b, a AS c, a AS d, a AS e, a AS f, a AS g, a AS h;
（3）使用 sqlcmd 連接到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)并運(yùn)行 SQL 腳本以創(chuàng)建包含 5 萬(wàn)行的表。這可能需要幾分鐘才能運(yùn)行。
sqlcmd -S 127.0.0.1 -U sa -P <你的> -d SampleDB -i ./CreateSampleTable.sql
3.2、創(chuàng)建一個(gè) Go 應(yīng)用程序，用于查詢此表并測(cè)量所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間
（1）在項(xiàng)目文件夾中，初始化 Go 依賴項(xiàng)。
go get github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb go install github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb
（2）在您的文件夾中創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為 columnstore.go 的文件。
package main
import (
_ "github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb"
"database/sql"
"context"
"log"
"fmt"
"time"
)
var server = "localhost"
var port = 1433
var user = "sa"
var password = "你的"
var database = "SampleDB"
var db *sql.DB
// Delete an employee from database
func ExecuteAggregateStatement(db *sql.DB) {
ctx := context.Background()
// Ping database to see if it's still alive.
// Important for handling network issues and long queries.
err := db.PingContext(ctx)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Error pinging database: " + err.Error())
}
var result string
// Execute long non-query to aggregate rows
err = db.QueryRowContext(ctx, "SELECT SUM(Price) as sum FROM Table_with_5M_rows").Scan(&result)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Error executing query: " + err.Error())
}
fmt.Printf("Sum: %s\n", result)
}
func main() {
// Connect to database
connString := fmt.Sprintf("server=%s;user id=%s;password=%s;port=%d;database=%s;",
server, user, password, port, database)
var err error
// Create connection pool
db, err = sql.Open("sqlserver", connString)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Open connection failed:", err.Error())
}
fmt.Printf("Connected!\n")
defer db.Close()
t1 := time.Now()
fmt.Printf("Start time: %s\n", t1)
ExecuteAggregateStatement(db)
t2 := time.Since(t1)
fmt.Printf("The query took: %s\n", t2)
}
3.3、測(cè)量運(yùn)行查詢所需的時(shí)間
從終端運(yùn)行 Go 應(yīng)用。
go run columnstore.go
執(zhí)行結(jié)果：
Connected!
Start time: 2023-04-02 15:33:50.0340976 -0700 PDT
Sum: 50000000
The query took: 601.7463ms
3.4、使用 SQLCMD 向表中添加列存儲(chǔ)索引
運(yùn)行以下命令以在表上創(chuàng)建列存儲(chǔ)索引：
sqlcmd -S localhost -U sa -P <你的> -d SampleDB -Q "CREATE CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE INDEX Columnstoreindex ON Table_with_5M_rows;"
3.5、重新運(yùn)行 columnstore.go 腳本，并注意這次完成查詢所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間
go run columnstore.go
Connected!
Start time: 2017-06-05 16:35:02.5409285 -0700 PDT
Sum: 50000000
The query took: 86.9826ms
總結(jié)
使用列存儲(chǔ)索引使 Go 應(yīng)用更快。
參考文檔。
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