在 Android 中，多數(shù)情況下每個程序都是在各自獨(dú)立的 Linux 進(jìn)程中運(yùn)行的。當(dāng)一個程序或其某些部分被請求時，它的進(jìn)程就“出生”了；當(dāng)這個程序沒有必要再運(yùn)行下去且系統(tǒng)需要回收這個進(jìn)程的內(nèi)存用于其他程序時，這個 進(jìn)程就“死亡”了?？梢钥闯?，Android 程序的生命周期是由系統(tǒng)控制而非程序自身直接控制。這和我們編寫桌面應(yīng)用程序時的思維有一些不同，一個桌面應(yīng)用程序的進(jìn)程也是在其他進(jìn)程或用戶請求時被創(chuàng) 建，但是往往是在程序自身收到關(guān)閉請求后執(zhí)行一個特定的動作（比如從 main 函數(shù)中 return）而導(dǎo)致進(jìn)程結(jié)束的。要想做好某種類型的程序或者某種平臺下的程序的開發(fā)，最關(guān)鍵的就是要弄清楚這種類型的程序或整個平臺下的程序的一般工作 模式并熟記在心。在 Android 中，程序的生命周期控制就是屬于這個范疇——我的個人理解:)

在 Android 系統(tǒng)中，當(dāng)某個 activity調(diào)用 startActivity(myIntent) 時，系統(tǒng)會在所有已經(jīng)安裝的程序中尋找其 intent filter 和 myIntent 最匹配的一個 activity，啟動這個進(jìn)程，并把這個 intent 通知給這個 activity。這就是一個程序的“生”。比如我們在 Home application 中選擇 “Web browser”，系統(tǒng)會根據(jù)這個 intent 找到并啟動 Web browser 程序，顯示 Web browser 的一個 activity 供我們?yōu)g覽網(wǎng)頁（這個啟動過程有點類似我們在在個人電腦上雙擊桌面上的一個圖標(biāo)，啟動某個應(yīng)用程序）。在 Android 中，所有的應(yīng)用程序“生來就是平等的”，所以不光 Android 的核心程序甚至第三方程序也可以發(fā)出一個 intent 來啟動另外一個程序中的一個 activity。Android 的這種設(shè)計非常有利于“程序部件”的重用。

  一個 Android 程序的進(jìn)程是何時被系統(tǒng)結(jié)束的呢？通俗地說，一個即將被系統(tǒng)關(guān)閉的程序是系統(tǒng)在內(nèi)存不足（low memory）時，根據(jù)“重要性層次”選出來的“犧牲品”。一個進(jìn)程的重要性是根據(jù)其中運(yùn)行的部件和部件的狀態(tài)決定的。各種進(jìn)程按照重要性從高到低排列如 下：
  1. 前臺進(jìn)程。這樣的進(jìn)程擁有一個在屏幕上顯示并和用戶交互的 activity 或者它的一個IntentReciver 正在運(yùn)行。這樣的程序重要性最高，只有在系統(tǒng)內(nèi)存非常低，萬不得已時才會被結(jié)束。
  2. 可見進(jìn)程。在屏幕上顯示，但是不在前臺的程序。比如一個前臺進(jìn)程以對話框的形式顯示在該進(jìn)程前面。這樣的進(jìn)程也很重要，它們只有在系統(tǒng)沒有足夠內(nèi)存運(yùn)行所有前臺進(jìn)程時，才會被結(jié)束。
  3. 服務(wù)進(jìn)程。這樣的進(jìn)程在后臺持續(xù)運(yùn)行，比如后臺音樂播放、后臺數(shù)據(jù)上傳下載等。這樣的進(jìn)程對用戶來說一般很有用，所以只有當(dāng)系統(tǒng)沒有足夠內(nèi)存來維持所有的前臺和可見進(jìn)程時，才會被結(jié)束。
  4. 后臺進(jìn)程。這樣的程序擁有一個用戶不可見的 activity。這樣的程序在系統(tǒng)內(nèi)存不足時，按照 LRU 的順序被結(jié)束。
  5. 空進(jìn)程。這樣的進(jìn)程不包含任何活動的程序部件。系統(tǒng)可能隨時關(guān)閉這類進(jìn)程。
 

從某種意義上講，垃圾收集機(jī)制把程序員從“內(nèi)存管理噩夢”中解放出來，而 Android 的進(jìn)程生命周期管理機(jī)制把用戶從“任務(wù)管理噩夢”中解放出來。我見過一些 Nokia S60 用戶和 Windows Mobile 用戶要么因為長期不關(guān)閉多余的應(yīng)用程序而導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)變慢，要么因為不時查看應(yīng)用程序列表而影響使用體驗。Android 使用 Java 作為應(yīng)用程序 API，并且結(jié)合其獨(dú)特的生命周期管理機(jī)制同時為開發(fā)者和使用者提供最大程度的便利。

Active：處于屏幕前景（當(dāng)前task的棧頂Activity處于Active狀態(tài)），同一時刻只能有一個Activity處于Active狀態(tài)； Paused狀態(tài)：處于背景畫面畫面狀態(tài)，失去了焦點，但依然是活動狀態(tài)； stopped：不可見，但依然保持所有的狀態(tài)和內(nèi)存信息。

可以調(diào)用finish()結(jié)束處理Paused或者stopped狀態(tài)的Activity。

void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
void onStart()
void onRestart()
void onResume()
void onPause()
void onStop()
void onDestroy()

The visible lifetime of an activity happens between a call toonStart() until a corresponding call to onStop().

The foreground lifetime of an activity happens between a call to onResume() until a corresponding call toonPause().

To capture that state before the activity is killed, you can implement an onSaveInstanceState() method for the activity. Android calls this method before making the activity vulnerable to being destroyed — that is, before onPause() is called. It passes the method a Bundle object where you can record the dynamic state of the activity as name-value pairs. When the activity is again started, the Bundle is passed both to onCreate() and to a method that's called after onStart(),onRestoreInstanceState(), so that either or both of them can recreate the captured state.

Unlike onPause() and the other methods discussed earlier, onSaveInstanceState() and onRestoreInstanceState()are not lifecycle methods. They are not always called. Because onSaveInstanceState() is not always called, you should use it only to record the transient state of the activity, not to store persistent data. Use onPause() for that purpose instead. 啟動另一個Activity的過程 The current activity's onPause() method is called. Next, the starting activity's onCreate(), onStart(), and onResume() methods are called in sequence. Then, if the starting activity is no longer visible on screen, its onStop() method is called. service生命周期

A service can be used in two ways: It can be started and allowed to run until someone stops it or it stops itself. In this mode, it's started by callingContext.startService() and stopped by calling Context.stopService(). It can stop itself by callingService.stopSelf() or Service.stopSelfResult(). Only one stopService() call is needed to stop the service, no matter how many times startService() was called.

It can be operated programmatically using an interface that it defines and exports. Clients establish a connection to the Service object and use that connection to call into the service. The connection is established by callingContext.bindService(), and is closed by calling Context.unbindService(). Multiple clients can bind to the same service. If the service has not already been launched, bindService() can optionally launch it.

相關(guān)的方法：

void onCreate()
void onStart(Intent intent)
void onDestroy()

The onCreate() and onDestroy() methods are called for all services, whether they're started byContext.startService() or Context.bindService(). However, onStart() is called only for services started bystartService().

If a service permits others to bind to it, there are additional callback methods for it to implement:

IBinder onBind(Intent intent)
boolean onUnbind(Intent intent)
void onRebind(Intent intent)

只有一個方法：void onReceive(Context curContext, Intent broadcastMsg)

A process with an active broadcast receiver is protected from being killed. But a process with only inactive components can be killed by the system at any time, when the memory it consumes is needed by other processes.

This presents a problem when the response to a broadcast message is time consuming and, therefore, something that should be done in a separate thread, away from the main thread where other components of the user interface run. IfonReceive() spawns the thread and then returns, the entire process, including the new thread, is judged to be inactive (unless other application components are active in the process), putting it in jeopardy of being killed. The solution to this problem is for onReceive() to start a service and let the service do the job, so the system knows that there is still active work being done in the process. 進(jìn)程的生命周期

Android根據(jù)其重要性在內(nèi)存不足的時候移去重要性最低的進(jìn)程。重要性由高到低為：

前臺進(jìn)程 可見進(jìn)程 服務(wù)進(jìn)程 后臺進(jìn)程 空進(jìn)程

注意：Because a process running a service is ranked higher than one with background activities, an activity that initiates a long-running operation might do well to start a service for that operation, rather than simply spawn a thread — particularly if the operation will likely outlast the activity. 比如播放MP3的時候就要啟動一個service。

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