使用JAVA實現(xiàn)http通信詳解
Http通信概述
Http通信主要有兩種方式POST方式和GET方式。前者通過Http消息實體發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)給服務(wù)器,安全性高,數(shù)據(jù)傳輸大小沒有限制,后者通過URL的查詢字符串傳遞給服務(wù)器參數(shù),以明文顯示在瀏覽器地址欄,保密性差,最多傳輸2048個字符。但是GET請求并不是一無是處——GET請求大多用于查詢(讀取資源),效率高。POST請求用于注冊、登錄等安全性較高且向數(shù)據(jù)庫中寫入數(shù)據(jù)的操作。
除了POST和GET,http通信還有其他方式!請參見http請求的方法
編碼前的準備
在進行編碼之前,我們先創(chuàng)建一個Servlet,該Servlet接收客戶端的參數(shù)(name和age),并響應(yīng)客戶端。
@WebServlet(urlPatterns={"/demo.do"})
public class DemoServlet extends HttpServlet {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
String name = request.getParameter("name");
String age = request.getParameter("age");
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
pw.print("您使用GET方式請求該Servlet。<br />" + "name = " + name + ",age = " + age);
pw.flush();
pw.close();
}
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
String name = request.getParameter("name");
String age = request.getParameter("age");
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
pw.print("您使用POST方式請求該Servlet。<br />" + "name = " + name + ",age = " + age);
pw.flush();
pw.close();
}
}
使用JDK實現(xiàn)http通信
使用URLConnection實現(xiàn)GET請求
實例化一個java.net.URL對象;
通過URL對象的openConnection()方法得到一個java.net.URLConnection;
通過URLConnection對象的getInputStream()方法獲得輸入流;
讀取輸入流;
關(guān)閉資源。
public void get() throws Exception{
URL url = new URL("http://127.0.0.1/http/demo.do?name=Jack&age=10");
URLConnection urlConnection = url.openConnection(); // 打開連接
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(urlConnection.getInputStream(),"utf-8")); // 獲取輸入流
String line = null;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
sb.append(line + "\n");
}
System.out.println(sb.toString());
}

使用HttpURLConnection實現(xiàn)POST請求
java.net.HttpURLConnection是java.net.URL的子類,提供了更多的關(guān)于http的操作(getXXX 和 setXXX方法)。該類中定義了一系列的HTTP狀態(tài)碼:
public void post() throws IOException{
URL url = new URL("http://127.0.0.1/http/demo.do");
HttpURLConnection httpURLConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
httpURLConnection.setDoInput(true);
httpURLConnection.setDoOutput(true); // 設(shè)置該連接是可以輸出的
httpURLConnection.setRequestMethod("POST"); // 設(shè)置請求方式
httpURLConnection.setRequestProperty("charset", "utf-8");
PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(new BufferedOutputStream(httpURLConnection.getOutputStream()));
pw.write("name=welcome"); // 向連接中輸出數(shù)據(jù)(相當于發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)給服務(wù)器)
pw.write("&age=14");
pw.flush();
pw.close();
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(httpURLConnection.getInputStream(),"utf-8"));
String line = null;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) { // 讀取數(shù)據(jù)
sb.append(line + "\n");
}
System.out.println(sb.toString());
}

使用httpclient進行http通信
httpclient大大簡化了JDK中http通信的實現(xiàn)。
maven依賴:
<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId> <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId> <version>4.3.6</version> </dependency>
GET請求
public void httpclientGet() throws Exception{
// 創(chuàng)建HttpClient對象
HttpClient client = HttpClients.createDefault();
// 創(chuàng)建GET請求(在構(gòu)造器中傳入URL字符串即可)
HttpGet get = new HttpGet("http://127.0.0.1/http/demo.do?name=admin&age=40");
// 調(diào)用HttpClient對象的execute方法獲得響應(yīng)
HttpResponse response = client.execute(get);
// 調(diào)用HttpResponse對象的getEntity方法得到響應(yīng)實體
HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();
// 使用EntityUtils工具類得到響應(yīng)的字符串表示
String result = EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity,"utf-8");
System.out.println(result);
}

POST請求
public void httpclientPost() throws Exception{
// 創(chuàng)建HttpClient對象
HttpClient client = HttpClients.createDefault();
// 創(chuàng)建POST請求
HttpPost post = new HttpPost("http://127.0.0.1/http/demo.do");
// 創(chuàng)建一個List容器,用于存放基本鍵值對(基本鍵值對即:參數(shù)名-參數(shù)值)
List<BasicNameValuePair> parameters = new ArrayList<>();
parameters.add(new BasicNameValuePair("name", "張三"));
parameters.add(new BasicNameValuePair("age", "25"));
// 向POST請求中添加消息實體
post.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(parameters, "utf-8"));
// 得到響應(yīng)并轉(zhuǎn)化成字符串
HttpResponse response = client.execute(post);
HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();
String result = EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity,"utf-8");
System.out.println(result);
}

HttpClient是Apache Jakarta Common下的子項目,用來提供高效的、最新的、功能豐富的支持HTTP協(xié)議的客戶端編程工具包,并且它支持HTTP協(xié)議最新的版本和建議。HttpClient已經(jīng)應(yīng)用在很多的項目中,比如Apache Jakarta上很著名的另外兩個開源項目Cactus和HTMLUnit都使用了HttpClient。
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