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Java的Hibernate框架數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)操作中鎖的使用和查詢類型

 更新時(shí)間:2016年01月22日 08:55:39   作者:cdai  
這篇文章主要介紹了Java的Hibernate框架數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)操作中鎖的使用和查詢類型,Hibernate是Java的SSH三大web開(kāi)發(fā)框架之一,需要的朋友可以參考下

 Hibernate與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)鎖
一、為什么要使用鎖?

要想弄清楚鎖機(jī)制存在的原因,首先要了解事務(wù)的概念。
事務(wù)是對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)一系列相關(guān)的操作,它必須具備ACID特征:

  • A(原子性):要么全部成功,要么全部撤銷。
  • C(一致性):要保持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的一致性。
  • I(隔離性):不同事務(wù)操作相同數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),要有各自的數(shù)據(jù)空間。
  • D(持久性):一旦事務(wù)成功結(jié)束,它對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)所做的更新必須永久保持。

我們常用的關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)RDBMS實(shí)現(xiàn)了事務(wù)的這些特性。其中,原子性、
一致性和持久性都是采用日志來(lái)保證的。而隔離性就是由今天我們關(guān)注的
鎖機(jī)制來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的,這就是為什么我們需要鎖機(jī)制。

如果沒(méi)有鎖,對(duì)隔離性不加控制,可能會(huì)造成哪些后果呢?

  1. 更新丟失:事務(wù)1提交的數(shù)據(jù)被事務(wù)2覆蓋。
  2. 臟讀:事務(wù)2查詢到了事務(wù)1未提交的數(shù)據(jù)。
  3. 虛讀:事務(wù)2查詢到了事務(wù)1提交的新建數(shù)據(jù)。
  4. 不可重復(fù)讀:事務(wù)2查詢到了事務(wù)1提交的更新數(shù)據(jù)。

下面來(lái)看Hibernate的例子,兩個(gè)線程分別開(kāi)啟兩個(gè)事務(wù)操作tb_account表中
的同一行數(shù)據(jù)col_id=1。

package com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation; 
 
import java.io.Serializable; 
 
import javax.persistence.Column; 
import javax.persistence.Entity; 
import javax.persistence.Id; 
import javax.persistence.Table; 
 
@Entity 
@Table(name = "tb_account") 
public class Account implements Serializable { 
 
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 5018821760412231859L; 
 
  @Id 
  @Column(name = "col_id") 
  private long id; 
   
  @Column(name = "col_balance") 
  private long balance; 
 
  public Account() { 
  } 
   
  public Account(long id, long balance) { 
    this.id = id; 
    this.balance = balance; 
  } 
 
  public long getId() { 
    return id; 
  } 
 
  public void setId(long id) { 
    this.id = id; 
  } 
 
  public long getBalance() { 
    return balance; 
  } 
 
  public void setBalance(long balance) { 
    this.balance = balance; 
  } 
 
  @Override 
  public String toString() { 
    return "Account [id=" + id + ", balance=" + balance + "]"; 
  } 
   
} 

package com.cdai.orm.hibernate.transaction; 
 
import org.hibernate.Session; 
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; 
import org.hibernate.Transaction; 
import org.hibernate.cfg.AnnotationConfiguration; 
 
import com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation.Account; 
 
public class DirtyRead { 
 
  public static void main(String[] args) { 
 
    final SessionFactory sessionFactory = new AnnotationConfiguration(). 
        addFile("hibernate/hibernate.cfg.xml").        
        configure(). 
        addPackage("com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation"). 
        addAnnotatedClass(Account.class). 
        buildSessionFactory(); 
     
    Thread t1 = new Thread() { 
       
      @Override 
      public void run() { 
        Session session1 = sessionFactory.openSession(); 
        Transaction tx1 = null; 
        try { 
          tx1 = session1.beginTransaction(); 
          System.out.println("T1 - Begin trasaction"); 
          Thread.sleep(500); 
           
          Account account = (Account)  
              session1.get(Account.class, new Long(1)); 
          System.out.println("T1 - balance=" + account.getBalance()); 
          Thread.sleep(500); 
           
          account.setBalance(account.getBalance() + 100); 
          System.out.println("T1 - Change balance:" + account.getBalance()); 
           
          tx1.commit(); 
          System.out.println("T1 - Commit transaction"); 
          Thread.sleep(500); 
        } 
        catch (Exception e) { 
          e.printStackTrace(); 
          if (tx1 != null) 
            tx1.rollback(); 
        }  
        finally { 
          session1.close(); 
        } 
      } 
       
    }; 
     
    // 3.Run transaction 2 
    Thread t2 = new Thread() { 
       
      @Override 
      public void run() { 
        Session session2 = sessionFactory.openSession(); 
        Transaction tx2 = null; 
        try { 
          tx2 = session2.beginTransaction(); 
          System.out.println("T2 - Begin trasaction"); 
          Thread.sleep(500); 
           
          Account account = (Account)  
              session2.get(Account.class, new Long(1)); 
          System.out.println("T2 - balance=" + account.getBalance()); 
          Thread.sleep(500); 
           
          account.setBalance(account.getBalance() - 100); 
          System.out.println("T2 - Change balance:" + account.getBalance()); 
           
          tx2.commit(); 
          System.out.println("T2 - Commit transaction"); 
          Thread.sleep(500); 
        } 
        catch (Exception e) { 
          e.printStackTrace(); 
          if (tx2 != null) 
            tx2.rollback(); 
        }  
        finally { 
          session2.close(); 
        } 
      } 
       
    }; 
     
    t1.start(); 
    t2.start(); 
     
    while (t1.isAlive() || t2.isAlive()) { 
      try { 
        Thread.sleep(2000L); 
      } catch (InterruptedException e) { 
      } 
    } 
     
    System.out.println("Both T1 and T2 are dead."); 
    sessionFactory.close(); 
     
  } 
 
} 

事務(wù)1將col_balance減小100,而事務(wù)2將其減少100,最終結(jié)果可能是0,也
可能是200,事務(wù)1或2的更新可能會(huì)丟失。log輸出也印證了這一點(diǎn),事務(wù)1和2
的log交叉打印。

T1 - Begin trasaction
T2 - Begin trasaction
Hibernate: select account0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, account0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account account0_ where account0_.col_id=?
Hibernate: select account0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, account0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account account0_ where account0_.col_id=?
T1 - balance=100
T2 - balance=100
T2 - Change balance:0
T1 - Change balance:200
Hibernate: update tb_account set col_balance=? where col_id=?
Hibernate: update tb_account set col_balance=? where col_id=?
T1 - Commit transaction
T2 - Commit transaction
Both T1 and T2 are dead.

由此可見(jiàn),隔離性是一個(gè)需要慎重考慮的問(wèn)題,理解鎖很有必要。


二、有多少種鎖?

常見(jiàn)的有共享鎖、更新鎖和獨(dú)占鎖。

1.共享鎖:用于讀數(shù)據(jù)操作,允許其他事務(wù)同時(shí)讀取。當(dāng)事務(wù)執(zhí)行select語(yǔ)句時(shí),
數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)自動(dòng)為事務(wù)分配一把共享鎖來(lái)鎖定讀取的數(shù)據(jù)。
2.獨(dú)占鎖:用于修改數(shù)據(jù),其他事務(wù)不能讀取也不能修改。當(dāng)事務(wù)執(zhí)行insert、
update和delete時(shí),數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)會(huì)自動(dòng)分配。
3.更新鎖:用于避免更新操作時(shí)共享鎖造成的死鎖,比如事務(wù)1和2同時(shí)持有
共享鎖并等待獲得獨(dú)占鎖。當(dāng)執(zhí)行update時(shí),事務(wù)先獲得更新鎖,然后將
更新鎖升級(jí)成獨(dú)占鎖,這樣就避免了死鎖。

此外,這些鎖都可以施加到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中不同的對(duì)象上,即這些鎖可以有不同的粒度。
如數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)級(jí)鎖、表級(jí)鎖、頁(yè)面級(jí)鎖、鍵級(jí)鎖和行級(jí)鎖。

所以鎖是有很多種的,這么多鎖要想完全掌握靈活使用太難了,我們又不是DBA。
怎么辦?還好,鎖機(jī)制對(duì)于我們一般用戶來(lái)說(shuō)是透明的,數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)會(huì)自動(dòng)添加合適的
鎖,并在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)機(jī)自動(dòng)升級(jí)、降級(jí)各種鎖,真是太周到了!我們只需要做的就是
學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)不同的業(yè)務(wù)需求,設(shè)置好隔離級(jí)別就可以了。


三、怎樣設(shè)置隔離級(jí)別?

一般來(lái)說(shuō),數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)會(huì)提供四種事務(wù)隔離級(jí)別供用戶選擇:

1.Serializable(串行化):當(dāng)兩個(gè)事務(wù)同時(shí)操縱相同數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),事務(wù)2只能停下來(lái)等。

2.Repeatable Read(可重復(fù)讀):事務(wù)1能看到事務(wù)2新插入的數(shù)據(jù),不能看到對(duì)
已有數(shù)據(jù)的更新。

3.Read Commited(讀已提交數(shù)據(jù)):事務(wù)1能看到事務(wù)2新插入和更新的數(shù)據(jù)。

4.Read Uncommited(讀未提交數(shù)據(jù)):事務(wù)1能看到事務(wù)2沒(méi)有提交的插入和更新
數(shù)據(jù)。


四、應(yīng)用程序中的鎖

當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)采用Read Commited隔離級(jí)別時(shí),可以在應(yīng)用程序中采用悲觀鎖或樂(lè)觀鎖。

1.悲觀鎖:假定當(dāng)前事務(wù)操作的數(shù)據(jù)肯定還會(huì)有其他事務(wù)訪問(wèn),因此悲觀地在應(yīng)用
程序中顯式指定采用獨(dú)占鎖來(lái)鎖定數(shù)據(jù)資源。在MySQL、Oracle中支持以下形式:

   select ... for update

顯式地讓select采用獨(dú)占鎖鎖定查詢的記錄,其他事務(wù)要查詢、更新或刪除這些被
鎖定的數(shù)據(jù),都要等到該事務(wù)結(jié)束后才行。

在Hibernate中,可以在load時(shí)傳入LockMode.UPGRADE來(lái)采用悲觀鎖。修改前面的例子,
在事務(wù)1和2的get方法調(diào)用處,多傳入一個(gè)LockMode參數(shù)。從log中可以看出,事務(wù)1和2
不再是交叉運(yùn)行,事務(wù)2等待事務(wù)1結(jié)束后才可以讀取數(shù)據(jù),所以最終col_balance值是正確
的100。

package com.cdai.orm.hibernate.transaction; 
 
import org.hibernate.LockMode; 
import org.hibernate.Session; 
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; 
import org.hibernate.Transaction; 
 
import com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation.Account; 
import com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation.AnnotationHibernate; 
 
public class UpgradeLock { 
 
  @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") 
  public static void main(String[] args) { 
 
    final SessionFactory sessionFactory = AnnotationHibernate.createSessionFactory();  
 
    // Run transaction 1 
    Thread t1 = new Thread() { 
       
      @Override 
      public void run() { 
        Session session1 = sessionFactory.openSession(); 
        Transaction tx1 = null; 
        try { 
          tx1 = session1.beginTransaction(); 
          System.out.println("T1 - Begin trasaction"); 
          Thread.sleep(500); 
           
          Account account = (Account)  
              session1.get(Account.class, new Long(1), LockMode.UPGRADE); 
          System.out.println("T1 - balance=" + account.getBalance()); 
          Thread.sleep(500); 
           
          account.setBalance(account.getBalance() + 100); 
          System.out.println("T1 - Change balance:" + account.getBalance()); 
           
          tx1.commit(); 
          System.out.println("T1 - Commit transaction"); 
          Thread.sleep(500); 
        } 
        catch (Exception e) { 
          e.printStackTrace(); 
          if (tx1 != null) 
            tx1.rollback(); 
        }  
        finally { 
          session1.close(); 
        } 
      } 
       
    }; 
     
    // Run transaction 2 
    Thread t2 = new Thread() { 
       
      @Override 
      public void run() { 
        Session session2 = sessionFactory.openSession(); 
        Transaction tx2 = null; 
        try { 
          tx2 = session2.beginTransaction(); 
          System.out.println("T2 - Begin trasaction"); 
          Thread.sleep(500); 
           
          Account account = (Account)  
              session2.get(Account.class, new Long(1), LockMode.UPGRADE); 
          System.out.println("T2 - balance=" + account.getBalance()); 
          Thread.sleep(500); 
           
          account.setBalance(account.getBalance() - 100); 
          System.out.println("T2 - Change balance:" + account.getBalance()); 
           
          tx2.commit(); 
          System.out.println("T2 - Commit transaction"); 
          Thread.sleep(500); 
        } 
        catch (Exception e) { 
          e.printStackTrace(); 
          if (tx2 != null) 
            tx2.rollback(); 
        }  
        finally { 
          session2.close(); 
        } 
      } 
       
    }; 
     
    t1.start(); 
    t2.start(); 
     
    while (t1.isAlive() || t2.isAlive()) { 
      try { 
        Thread.sleep(2000L); 
      } catch (InterruptedException e) { 
      } 
    } 
     
    System.out.println("Both T1 and T2 are dead."); 
    sessionFactory.close(); 
 
  } 
 
} 
T1 - Begin trasaction
T2 - Begin trasaction
Hibernate: select account0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, account0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account account0_ with (updlock, rowlock) where account0_.col_id=?
Hibernate: select account0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, account0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account account0_ with (updlock, rowlock) where account0_.col_id=?
T2 - balance=100
T2 - Change balance:0
Hibernate: update tb_account set col_balance=? where col_id=?
T2 - Commit transaction
T1 - balance=0
T1 - Change balance:100
Hibernate: update tb_account set col_balance=? where col_id=?
T1 - Commit transaction
Both T1 and T2 are dead.

Hibernate對(duì)于SQLServer 2005會(huì)執(zhí)行SQL:

復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:

select account0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, account0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account account0_ with (updlock, rowlock) where account0_.col_id=?


為選定的col_id為1的數(shù)據(jù)行加上行鎖和更新鎖。

2.樂(lè)觀鎖:假定當(dāng)前事務(wù)操作的數(shù)據(jù)不會(huì)有其他事務(wù)同時(shí)訪問(wèn),因此完全依靠數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
的隔離級(jí)別來(lái)自動(dòng)管理鎖的工作。在應(yīng)用程序中采用版本控制來(lái)避免可能低概率出現(xiàn)
的并發(fā)問(wèn)題。

在Hibernate中,使用Version注解來(lái)定義版本號(hào)字段。

201612285333338.png (351×120)

將DirtyLock中的Account對(duì)象替換成AccountVersion,其他代碼不變,執(zhí)行出現(xiàn)異常。

package com.cdai.orm.hibernate.transaction; 
 
import javax.persistence.Column; 
import javax.persistence.Entity; 
import javax.persistence.Id; 
import javax.persistence.Table; 
import javax.persistence.Version; 
 
@Entity 
@Table(name = "tb_account_version") 
public class AccountVersion { 
 
  @Id 
  @Column(name = "col_id") 
  private long id; 
   
  @Column(name = "col_balance") 
  private long balance; 
   
  @Version 
  @Column(name = "col_version") 
  private int version; 
 
  public AccountVersion() { 
  } 
 
  public AccountVersion(long id, long balance) { 
    this.id = id; 
    this.balance = balance; 
  } 
 
  public long getId() { 
    return id; 
  } 
 
  public void setId(long id) { 
    this.id = id; 
  } 
 
  public long getBalance() { 
    return balance; 
  } 
 
  public void setBalance(long balance) { 
    this.balance = balance; 
  } 
 
  public int getVersion() { 
    return version; 
  } 
 
  public void setVersion(int version) { 
    this.version = version; 
  } 
   
} 

log如下:

T1 - Begin trasaction
T2 - Begin trasaction
Hibernate: select accountver0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, accountver0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_, accountver0_.col_version as col3_0_0_ from tb_account_version accountver0_ where accountver0_.col_id=?
Hibernate: select accountver0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, accountver0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_, accountver0_.col_version as col3_0_0_ from tb_account_version accountver0_ where accountver0_.col_id=?
T1 - balance=1000
T2 - balance=1000
T1 - Change balance:900
T2 - Change balance:1100
Hibernate: update tb_account_version set col_balance=?, col_version=? where col_id=? and col_version=?
Hibernate: update tb_account_version set col_balance=?, col_version=? where col_id=? and col_version=?
T1 - Commit transaction
2264 [Thread-2] ERROR org.hibernate.event.def.AbstractFlushingEventListener - Could not synchronize database state with session
org.hibernate.StaleObjectStateException: Row was updated or deleted by another transaction (or unsaved-value mapping was incorrect): [com.cdai.orm.hibernate.transaction.AccountVersion#1]
   at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.check(AbstractEntityPersister.java:1934)
   at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.update(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2578)
   at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.updateOrInsert(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2478)
   at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.update(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2805)
   at org.hibernate.action.EntityUpdateAction.execute(EntityUpdateAction.java:114)
   at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.execute(ActionQueue.java:268)
   at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:260)
   at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:180)
   at org.hibernate.event.def.AbstractFlushingEventListener.performExecutions(AbstractFlushingEventListener.java:321)
   at org.hibernate.event.def.DefaultFlushEventListener.onFlush(DefaultFlushEventListener.java:51)
   at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.flush(SessionImpl.java:1206)
   at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.managedFlush(SessionImpl.java:375)
   at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.commit(JDBCTransaction.java:137)
   at com.cdai.orm.hibernate.transaction.VersionLock$2.run(VersionLock.java:93)
Both T1 and T2 are dead.

由于樂(lè)觀鎖完全將事務(wù)隔離交給數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)來(lái)控制,所以事務(wù)1和2交叉運(yùn)行了,事務(wù)1提交
成功并將col_version改為1,然而事務(wù)2提交時(shí)已經(jīng)找不到col_version為0的數(shù)據(jù)了,所以
拋出了異常。

201612285414974.png (353×131)

Hibernate查詢方法比較
Hibernate主要有三種查詢方法:

1.HQL (Hibernate Query Language)

和SQL很類似,支持分頁(yè)、連接、分組、聚集函數(shù)和子查詢等特性,
但HQL是面向?qū)ο蟮?,而不是面向關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的表。正因查詢語(yǔ)句
是面向Domain對(duì)象的,所以使用HQL可以獲得跨平臺(tái)的好處,Hibernate
會(huì)自動(dòng)幫我們根據(jù)不同的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)翻譯成不同的SQL語(yǔ)句。這在需要支持
多種數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)或者數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)遷移的應(yīng)用中是十分方便的。

但得到方便的同時(shí),由于SQL語(yǔ)句是由Hibernate自動(dòng)生成的,所以這不
利于SQL語(yǔ)句的效率優(yōu)化和調(diào)試,當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)量很大時(shí)可能會(huì)有效率問(wèn)題,
出了問(wèn)題也不便于排查解決。

2.QBC/QBE (Query by Criteria/Example)

QBC/QBE是通過(guò)組裝查詢條件或者模板對(duì)象來(lái)執(zhí)行查詢的。這在需要
靈活地支持許多查詢條件自由組合的應(yīng)用中是比較方便的。同樣的問(wèn)題
是由于查詢語(yǔ)句是自由組裝的,創(chuàng)建一條語(yǔ)句的代碼可能很長(zhǎng),并且
包含許多分支條件,很不便于優(yōu)化和調(diào)試。

3.SQL

Hibernate也支持直接執(zhí)行SQL的查詢方式。這種方式犧牲了Hibernate跨
數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),手工地編寫(xiě)底層SQL語(yǔ)句,從而獲得最好的執(zhí)行效率,
相對(duì)前兩種方法,優(yōu)化和調(diào)試方便了一些。

下面來(lái)看一組簡(jiǎn)單的例子。

package com.cdai.orm.hibernate.query; 
 
import java.util.Arrays; 
import java.util.List; 
 
import org.hibernate.Criteria; 
import org.hibernate.Query; 
import org.hibernate.Session; 
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; 
import org.hibernate.cfg.AnnotationConfiguration; 
import org.hibernate.criterion.Criterion; 
import org.hibernate.criterion.Example; 
import org.hibernate.criterion.Expression; 
 
import com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation.Account; 
 
public class BasicQuery { 
 
  public static void main(String[] args) { 
 
    SessionFactory sessionFactory = new AnnotationConfiguration(). 
                      addFile("hibernate/hibernate.cfg.xml").        
                      configure(). 
                      addPackage("com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation"). 
                      addAnnotatedClass(Account.class). 
                      buildSessionFactory(); 
 
    Session session = sessionFactory.openSession(); 
 
    // 1.HQL 
    Query query = session.createQuery("from Account as a where a.id=:id"); 
    query.setLong("id", 1); 
    List result = query.list(); 
    for (Object row : result) { 
      System.out.println(row); 
    } 
 
    // 2.QBC 
    Criteria criteria = session.createCriteria(Account.class); 
    criteria.add(Expression.eq("id", new Long(2))); 
    result = criteria.list(); 
    for (Object row : result) { 
      System.out.println(row); 
    } 
     
    // 3.QBE 
    Account example= new Account(); 
    example.setBalance(100); 
    result = session.createCriteria(Account.class). 
            add(Example.create(example)). 
            list(); 
    for (Object row : result) { 
      System.out.println(row); 
    } 
     
    // 4.SQL 
    query = session.createSQLQuery( 
        " select top 10 * from tb_account order by col_id desc "); 
    result = query.list(); 
    for (Object row : result) { 
      System.out.println(Arrays.toString((Object[]) row)); 
  } 
     
    session.close(); 
  } 
 
} 
Hibernate: select account0_.col_id as col1_0_, account0_.col_balance as col2_0_ from tb_account account0_ where account0_.col_id=?
Account [id=1, balance=100]
Hibernate: select this_.col_id as col1_0_0_, this_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account this_ where this_.col_id=?
Account [id=2, balance=100]
Hibernate: select this_.col_id as col1_0_0_, this_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account this_ where (this_.col_balance=?)
Account [id=1, balance=100]
Account [id=2, balance=100]
Hibernate: select top 10 * from tb_account order by col_id desc
[2, 100]
[1, 100]

從log中可以清楚的看到Hibernate對(duì)于生成的SQL語(yǔ)句的控制,具體選擇
哪種查詢方式就要看具體應(yīng)用了。

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