Mysql數(shù)據(jù)庫之?dāng)?shù)據(jù)備份與恢復(fù)方式
更新時(shí)間：2025年01月13日 11:14:51 作者：一坨小橙子ovo
本文詳細(xì)介紹了數(shù)據(jù)庫備份的重要性、分類、方法以及Mysql數(shù)據(jù)庫的備份與恢復(fù)操作,包括完全備份、差異備份、增量備份等,同時(shí),還涉及了日志數(shù)據(jù)庫、備份策略和執(zhí)行備份的定時(shí)任務(wù)（Crontab）等內(nèi)容
一、數(shù)據(jù)備份的重要性
在生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中，數(shù)據(jù)的安全性至關(guān)重要
任何數(shù)據(jù)的丟失都可能產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的后果
造成數(shù)據(jù)丟失的原因
- 程序錯(cuò)誤（損失不會(huì)太大）
- 人為操作數(shù)據(jù)
- 運(yùn)算錯(cuò)誤
- 磁盤故障
- 災(zāi)難（如火災(zāi)、地震）和盜竊
拓展：容災(zāi)是一個(gè)旨在確保業(yè)務(wù)連續(xù)性的系統(tǒng)工程，它涉及IT系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施，以防止用戶業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)受到各種災(zāi)難的影響和破壞。容災(zāi)的核心目的是在自然或人為原因?qū)е律a(chǎn)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生災(zāi)難時(shí)，盡可能保證業(yè)務(wù)的連續(xù)性。這通常包括建立兩套或多套功能相同的IT系統(tǒng)，這些系統(tǒng)分布在相隔較遠(yuǎn)的不同地點(diǎn)，并能夠進(jìn)行健康狀態(tài)監(jiān)視和功能切換。當(dāng)一處系統(tǒng)因意外（如火災(zāi)、地震等）停止工作時(shí)，整個(gè)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)可以切換到另一處，使得系統(tǒng)功能可以繼續(xù)正常工作
二、數(shù)據(jù)庫備份的分類
1.從物理與邏輯的角度分類
物理備份：對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫操作系統(tǒng)的物理文件（如數(shù)據(jù)文件、日志文件等）的備份
物理備份方法
- 冷備份（脫機(jī)備份）：是在關(guān)機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫的時(shí)候進(jìn)行的（可備份整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫）（不建議使用）
- 熱備份（聯(lián)機(jī)備份）：數(shù)據(jù)庫處于運(yùn)行狀態(tài)，依賴于數(shù)據(jù)庫的日志文件
- 溫備份：數(shù)據(jù)庫鎖定表格（不可寫入但可讀）的狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行備份操作
邏輯備份：對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫邏輯組件（如：表等數(shù)據(jù)庫對(duì)象）的備份
2.從數(shù)據(jù)庫的備份策略角度，備份可分為
- 完全備份：每次對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行完整的備份
- 差異備份：備份自從上次完全備份之后被修改過的文件
- 增量備份：只有在上次完全備份或者增量備份后被修改的文件才會(huì)被備份
2.1完全備份
完全備份過程中每次備份都會(huì)進(jìn)行完全備份，會(huì)導(dǎo)致備份文件占用大量的磁盤空間，并且有大量的重復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)，只適合第一次備份，不常用
2.2差異備份
差異備份要先進(jìn)行一次完全備份，每次差異備份都會(huì)備份上一次完全備份后的數(shù)據(jù)，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)備份的重復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)，導(dǎo)致占用大量的磁盤空間；備份恢復(fù)時(shí)，先恢復(fù)完全備份呢，再導(dǎo)入差異備份的數(shù)據(jù)
2.3增量備份
- 增量備份要先執(zhí)行一次完全備份，每一次增量備份的數(shù)據(jù)都是備份在上一次完全備份或者上一次增量備份后的數(shù)據(jù)，不會(huì)出現(xiàn)重復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)，也不會(huì)占用額外的磁盤空間
- 增量備份數(shù)據(jù)恢復(fù)時(shí)，需要先恢復(fù)完全備份數(shù)據(jù)，再恢復(fù)增量備份數(shù)據(jù)（需要按照次序）
2.4總結(jié)
| 完全備份 | 差異備份 | 增量備份 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 執(zhí)行順序 | 每次完全備份會(huì)備份之前完全備份的數(shù)據(jù)，會(huì)出現(xiàn)重復(fù)數(shù)據(jù) | 每次執(zhí)行差異備份會(huì)備份之前每次的差異備份 | 每一次增量備份的數(shù)據(jù)都是備份上一次增量備份后新增的數(shù)據(jù) |
| 占用磁盤空間 | 占用大量的磁盤空間 | 占用少量額外的磁盤空間 | 占用極少量的磁盤空間 |
| 數(shù)據(jù)恢復(fù) | 把完全備份的文件導(dǎo)入即可 恢復(fù)速度很快 | 先恢復(fù)完全備份數(shù)據(jù)，再導(dǎo)入差異備份數(shù)據(jù) | 先恢復(fù)完全備份數(shù)據(jù)，再恢復(fù)增量備份數(shù)據(jù)（需要按照次序進(jìn)恢復(fù)） |
備份頻率建議：一周一次的全備，全備的時(shí)間要選擇在不提供業(yè)務(wù)或者業(yè)務(wù)處理較少的時(shí)間段執(zhí)行（建議為01點(diǎn)到05點(diǎn)之間）；每天的增量備份；特定場景的差異備份
三、常見的備份方法
物理冷備
- 備份時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)庫處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)，直接打包數(shù)據(jù)庫文件
- 備份速度快，恢復(fù)時(shí)也是最簡單的
專用備份工具mydump或mysqlhotcopy
- mysqldump常用的邏輯備份工具
- mysqlhotcopy僅擁有備份MyISAM和ARCHIVE表
啟用二進(jìn)制日志進(jìn)行增量備份
- 進(jìn)行增量備份，需要刷新二進(jìn)制日志
Mysql支持增量備份，進(jìn)行增量備份時(shí)必須啟用二進(jìn)制日志。二進(jìn)制日志文件為用戶提供復(fù)制，對(duì)執(zhí)行的數(shù)據(jù)庫更改所需的信息進(jìn)行恢復(fù)。如果進(jìn)行增量備份（包含上次完全備份或增量備份以來發(fā)生的數(shù)據(jù)修改），需要刷新二進(jìn)制日志
第三方備份工具
- 免費(fèi)的Mysql熱備份軟件Percona XtraBackup
四、Mysql數(shù)據(jù)庫完全備份
1.完全備份定義
- 是對(duì)整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫、數(shù)據(jù)庫結(jié)構(gòu)和文件結(jié)構(gòu)的備份
- 保存的是備份完成時(shí)刻的數(shù)據(jù)庫
- 是差異備份與增量備份的基礎(chǔ)
2.優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)
- 優(yōu)點(diǎn)：備份與恢復(fù)操作簡單方便
- 缺點(diǎn)：數(shù)據(jù)存在大量的重復(fù)；占用大量的備份空間；備份與恢復(fù)時(shí)間長
3.數(shù)據(jù)庫完全備份分類
物理冷備份與恢復(fù)
- 關(guān)閉Mysql數(shù)據(jù)庫
- 使用tar命令直接打包數(shù)據(jù)庫文件夾
- 直接替換現(xiàn)有Mysql目錄即可
Mysqldump備份與恢復(fù)
- Mysql自帶的備份工具，可方便實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)Mysql的備份
- 可以將指定的庫、表導(dǎo)出為SQL腳本
- 使用命令Mysql導(dǎo)入備份的數(shù)據(jù)
導(dǎo)出使用的是Mysqldump；導(dǎo)入使用的是Mysql命令
4.Mysql數(shù)據(jù)庫完全備份實(shí)際操作
InnoDB 存儲(chǔ)引擎的數(shù)據(jù)庫在磁盤上存儲(chǔ)成三個(gè)文件:
- db.opt(表屬性文件)
- 表名.frm(表結(jié)構(gòu)文件)
- 表名.ibd(表數(shù)據(jù)文件)
4.1環(huán)境準(zhǔn)備
目前Mysql數(shù)據(jù)庫中存在class數(shù)據(jù)庫，及class數(shù)據(jù)表以及數(shù)據(jù)表中的數(shù)據(jù)
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.05 sec) mysql> create database class; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> use class; Database changed mysql> show tables; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> create table class(id int(6),name varchar(8),remark varchar(40)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> show tables; +-----------------+ | Tables_in_class | +-----------------+ | class | +-----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into class values(1,'cxk','ctrl'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into class values(2,'wyb','skateboarding'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from class; +------+------+---------------+ | id | name | remark | +------+------+---------------+ | 1 | cxk | ctrl | | 2 | wyb | skateboarding | +------+------+---------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.2物理冷備份與恢復(fù)——使用tar命令備份
4.2.1備份方法一
[root@localhost mysql]#systemctl stop mysqld #物理冷備份需要先關(guān)閉mysqld服務(wù) [root@localhost ~]#cd /usr/local/mysql/ [root@localhost mysql]#ls bin docs man mysql.sock.lock share COPYING include mysqld.pid mysql-test support-files data lib mysql.sock README usr [root@localhost mysql]#tar zcvf data.tar.gz data/ -C /opt/ #使用tar命令進(jìn)行壓縮備份 [root@localhost mysql]#ls /opt boost_1_59_0.tar.gz mysql-5.7.17 mysql-5.7.17.tar.gz rh data.tar.gz
4.2.2備份方法二
[root@localhost mysql]#systemctl stop mysqld #物理冷備份需要先關(guān)閉mysqld服務(wù) [root@localhost mysql]#tar Jcvf /opt/mysql_allbackup$(date +%F).tar.xz /usr/local/mysql/data #壓縮打包/usr/local/mysql/data下的數(shù)據(jù) 保存在/opt目錄下取名為mysql_allbackup$(date +%F).tar.xz date +%F代表當(dāng)天的日期 [root@localhost mysql]#ls /opt boost_1_59_0.tar.gz mysql-5.7.17.tar.gz rh mysql-5.7.17 mysql_allbackup2024-03-25.tar.xz
4.2.3模式移走data數(shù)據(jù)文件目錄
[root@localhost mysql]#mv data/ /home/ [root@localhost mysql]#ls bin docs man mysql.sock.lock share COPYING include mysqld.pid mysql-test support-files data.tar.gz lib mysql.sock README usr [root@localhost mysql]#systemctl restart mysqld.service #此時(shí)重啟mysqld數(shù)據(jù)庫 可能會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò) 或者重新建立一個(gè)新的data數(shù)據(jù)文件目錄（如果是新建的data數(shù)據(jù)文件目錄）那么新建的data數(shù)據(jù)文件目錄中無任何數(shù)據(jù)文件 [root@localhost mysql]#systemctl restart mysqld.service [root@localhost mysql]#ls bin data.tar.gz lib mysql.sock README usr COPYING docs man mysql.sock.lock share data include mysqld.pid mysql-test support-files #這里看到有一個(gè)新的data數(shù)據(jù)文件目錄已經(jīng)建立 [root@localhost mysql]#cd data/ [root@localhost data]#ls auto.cnf client-key.pem ib_logfile1 private_key.pem sys ca-key.pem ib_buffer_pool ibtmp1 public_key.pem ca.pem ibdata1 mysql server-cert.pem client-cert.pem ib_logfile0 performance_schema server-key.pem #這里看不到之前數(shù)據(jù)庫中的文件
4.2.4執(zhí)行數(shù)據(jù)恢復(fù)操作一
[root@localhost mysql]#tar zxvf data.tar.gz -C /usr/local/mysql/ #使用tar命令解壓剛剛完全備份的數(shù)據(jù)文件 指定解壓目錄為/usr/local/mysql目錄下 [root@localhost mysql]#cd data/ [root@localhost data]#ls auto.cnf client-cert.pem ib_logfile0 performance_schema server-key.pem ca-key.pem client-key.pem ib_logfile1 private_key.pem sys ca.pem ib_buffer_pool ibtmp1 public_key.pem class ibdata1 mysql server-cert.pem #此時(shí)我們看到剛剛完全備份的數(shù)據(jù)文件又恢復(fù)了
4.2.5執(zhí)行數(shù)據(jù)恢復(fù)操作二
[root@localhost mysql]#tar Jxvf /opt/mysql_allbackup2024-03-25.tar.xz -C /usr/local/mysql/data #使用tar命令解壓剛剛的完全備份文件 指定解壓目錄到/usr/local/mysql目錄下 [root@localhost mysql]#ls bin data.tar.gz lib mysql.sock README usr COPYING docs man mysql.sock.lock share data include mysqld.pid mysql-test support-files [root@localhost mysql]#cd data/ [root@localhost data]#ls auto.cnf client-cert.pem ib_logfile0 performance_schema server-key.pem ca-key.pem client-key.pem ib_logfile1 private_key.pem sys ca.pem ib_buffer_pool ibtmp1 public_key.pem class ibdata1 mysql server-cert.pem #此時(shí)可以看到剛剛完全備份的數(shù)據(jù)文件內(nèi)容
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | class | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> use class; Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> select * from class; +------+------+---------------+ | id | name | remark | +------+------+---------------+ | 1 | cxk | ctrl | | 2 | wyb | skateboarding | +------+------+---------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
數(shù)據(jù)庫做遷移的時(shí)候 做整遷的時(shí)候使用該備份方式
4.3物理溫備份與恢復(fù)——使用mysqldump命令
4.3.1備份單個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | class | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> create database class2; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | class | | class2 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[root@localhost mysql]#mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --databases class > class.sql #使用mysqldump命令 指定用戶root 指定密碼為123456 指定備份的數(shù)據(jù)庫class 備份存儲(chǔ)為class.sql數(shù)據(jù)文件 mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#ls bin data include mysqld.pid mysql-test support-files class.sql data.tar.gz lib mysql.sock README usr COPYING docs man mysql.sock.lock share [root@localhost mysql]#cat class.sql #class.sql數(shù)據(jù)文件存放了一些sql語句 也就是在sql環(huán)境中的操作 注意一定要以sql結(jié)尾 方便后期的恢復(fù) -- MySQL dump 10.13 Distrib 5.7.17, for Linux (x86_64) -- -- Host: localhost Database: class -- ------------------------------------------------------ -- Server version 5.7.17 /*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */; /*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */; /*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */; /*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */; /*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */; /*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */; /*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */; /*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */; /*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */; /*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */; -- -- Current Database: `class` -- CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `class` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */; USE `class`; -- -- Table structure for table `class` -- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `class`; /*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client */; /*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */; CREATE TABLE `class` ( `id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL, `name` varchar(8) DEFAULT NULL, `remark` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; /*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */; -- -- Dumping data for table `class` -- LOCK TABLES `class` WRITE; /*!40000 ALTER TABLE `class` DISABLE KEYS */; INSERT INTO `class` VALUES (1,'cxk','ctrl'),(2,'wyb','skateboarding'); /*!40000 ALTER TABLE `class` ENABLE KEYS */; UNLOCK TABLES; /*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE */; /*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */; /*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */; /*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */; /*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */; /*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */; /*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */; /*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */; -- Dump completed on 2024-03-25 16:04:00
4.3.2備份多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫
[root@localhost mysql]#mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --databases class class2 > class-class2.sql #使用mysqldump命令 指定用戶root 指定密碼為123456 指定備份的數(shù)據(jù)庫class和class2 備份存儲(chǔ)為class-class.sql數(shù)據(jù)文件 mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#ls bin data lib mysql.sock.lock support-files class-class2.sql data.tar.gz man mysql-test usr class.sql docs mysqld.pid README COPYING include mysql.sock share [root@localhost mysql]#cat class-class2.sql #class-class2.sql數(shù)據(jù)文件存放了一些sql語句 也就是在sql環(huán)境中的操作 注意一定要以sql結(jié)尾 方便后期的恢復(fù) -- MySQL dump 10.13 Distrib 5.7.17, for Linux (x86_64) -- -- Host: localhost Database: class -- ------------------------------------------------------ -- Server version 5.7.17 /*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */; /*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */; /*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */; /*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */; /*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */; /*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */; /*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */; /*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */; /*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */; /*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */; -- -- Current Database: `class` -- CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `class` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */; USE `class`; -- -- Table structure for table `class` -- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `class`; /*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client */; /*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */; CREATE TABLE `class` ( `id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL, `name` varchar(8) DEFAULT NULL, `remark` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; /*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */; -- -- Dumping data for table `class` -- LOCK TABLES `class` WRITE; /*!40000 ALTER TABLE `class` DISABLE KEYS */; INSERT INTO `class` VALUES (1,'cxk','ctrl'),(2,'wyb','skateboarding'); /*!40000 ALTER TABLE `class` ENABLE KEYS */; UNLOCK TABLES; -- -- Current Database: `class2` -- CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `class2` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */; USE `class2`; /*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE */; /*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */; /*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */; /*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */; /*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */; /*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */; /*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */; /*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */; -- Dump completed on 2024-03-25 16:07:25
[root@localhost mysql]#ll 總用量 1428 drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 4096 3月 19 13:12 bin -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2174 3月 25 16:07 class-class2.sql -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2031 3月 25 16:04 class.sql -rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 17987 11月 28 2016 COPYING drwxr-x--- 7 mysql mysql 188 3月 25 16:02 data -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1401469 3月 25 15:27 data.tar.gz drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 55 3月 19 13:10 docs drwxr-xr-x 3 mysql mysql 4096 3月 19 13:10 include drwxr-xr-x 4 mysql mysql 191 3月 19 13:12 lib drwxr-xr-x 4 mysql mysql 30 3月 19 13:11 man -rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 5 3月 25 15:58 mysqld.pid srwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 0 3月 25 15:58 mysql.sock -rw------- 1 mysql mysql 5 3月 25 15:58 mysql.sock.lock drwxr-xr-x 10 mysql mysql 4096 3月 19 13:13 mysql-test -rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 2478 11月 28 2016 README drwxr-xr-x 28 mysql mysql 4096 3月 19 13:13 share drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 112 3月 19 13:13 support-files drwxr-xr-x 4 mysql mysql 30 3月 25 15:49 usr [root@localhost mysql]#chown mysql:mysql class.sql class-class2.sql [root@localhost mysql]#ll 總用量 1428 drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 4096 3月 19 13:12 bin -rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 2174 3月 25 16:07 class-class2.sql -rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 2031 3月 25 16:04 class.sql -rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 17987 11月 28 2016 COPYING drwxr-x--- 7 mysql mysql 188 3月 25 16:02 data -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1401469 3月 25 15:27 data.tar.gz drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 55 3月 19 13:10 docs drwxr-xr-x 3 mysql mysql 4096 3月 19 13:10 include drwxr-xr-x 4 mysql mysql 191 3月 19 13:12 lib drwxr-xr-x 4 mysql mysql 30 3月 19 13:11 man -rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 5 3月 25 15:58 mysqld.pid srwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 0 3月 25 15:58 mysql.sock -rw------- 1 mysql mysql 5 3月 25 15:58 mysql.sock.lock drwxr-xr-x 10 mysql mysql 4096 3月 19 13:13 mysql-test -rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 2478 11月 28 2016 README drwxr-xr-x 28 mysql mysql 4096 3月 19 13:13 share drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 112 3月 19 13:13 support-files drwxr-xr-x 4 mysql mysql 30 3月 25 15:49 usr
注意：這里一定要將sql結(jié)尾的備份數(shù)據(jù)文件修改為mysql屬主和屬組，否則mysqld服務(wù)無法調(diào)用
4.3.3備份所有的庫
[root@localhost mysql]#mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --all-databases > alldatabases.sql #使用mysqldump命令 指定用戶root 指定密碼為123456 指定備份的所有數(shù)據(jù)庫 備份存儲(chǔ)為alldatabases.sql數(shù)據(jù)文件 mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#ls alldatabases.sql COPYING include mysql.sock share bin data lib mysql.sock.lock support-files class-class2.sql data.tar.gz man mysql-test usr class.sql docs mysqld.pid README
4.3.4備份單個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)表
[root@localhost mysql]#mysqldump -uroot -p123456 class class > class_class.sql #使用mysqldump命令 指定用戶為root 指定密碼為123456 指定class數(shù)據(jù)庫下的class數(shù)據(jù)表 備份到當(dāng)前目錄下 取名為class_class.sql數(shù)據(jù)文件 mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#ls alldatabases.sql class.sql docs mysqld.pid README bin COPYING include mysql.sock share class-class2.sql data lib mysql.sock.lock support-files class_class.sql data.tar.gz man mysql-test usr
4.3.5備份多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)表
mysql> create table test(id int(6),name char(8),hobby varchar(40)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> create table test2(id int(6),name char(8),hobby varchar(40)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show tables; +-----------------+ | Tables_in_class | +-----------------+ | class | | test | | test2 | +-----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[root@localhost mysql]#mysqldump -uroot -p123456 class class test test2 > class_class_test_test2.sql #使用mysqldump命令 指定用戶為root 指定密碼為123456 指定class數(shù)據(jù)庫下的class、test、test2三個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)表 備份到當(dāng)前目錄下 取名為class_class_test_test2.sql數(shù)據(jù)文件 mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#ls alldatabases.sql class.sql include mysql.sock.lock usr bin COPYING lib mysql-test class-class2.sql data man README class_class.sql data.tar.gz mysqld.pid share class_class_test_test2.sql docs mysql.sock support-files
4.3.6只備份數(shù)據(jù)表結(jié)構(gòu)
mysql> desc class; +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(6) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | | | remark | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[root@localhost mysql]#mysqldump -uroot -p123456 -d class class > classdesc.sql #使用mysqldump命令 指定用戶為root 指定密碼123456 -d只保存表結(jié)構(gòu)（desc）class數(shù)據(jù)庫下class數(shù)據(jù)表的結(jié)構(gòu) 保存在當(dāng)前目錄下取名為classdesc.sql數(shù)據(jù)文件 mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#ls alldatabases.sql class.sql lib README bin COPYING man share class-class2.sql data mysqld.pid support-files class_class.sql data.tar.gz mysql.sock usr class_class_test_test2.sql docs mysql.sock.lock classdesc.sql include mysql-test [root@localhost mysql]#cat classdesc.sql -- MySQL dump 10.13 Distrib 5.7.17, for Linux (x86_64) -- -- Host: localhost Database: class -- ------------------------------------------------------ -- Server version 5.7.17 /*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */; /*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */; /*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */; /*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */; /*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */; /*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */; /*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */; /*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */; /*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */; /*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */; -- -- Table structure for table `class` -- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `class`; /*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client */; /*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */; CREATE TABLE `class` ( `id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL, `name` varchar(8) DEFAULT NULL, `remark` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; /*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */; /*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE */; /*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */; /*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */; /*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */; /*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */; /*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */; /*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */; /*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */; -- Dump completed on 2024-03-25 16:20:21
[root@localhost mysql]#grep -v "^--" classdesc.sql |grep -v "^/"|grep -v "^$" #過濾出SQL語句 #整條命令解釋：過濾出classdesc.sql數(shù)據(jù)文件中不是以"--"開頭的、不是以"/"開頭的并且不是空行的內(nèi)容 DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `class`; CREATE TABLE `class` ( `id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL, `name` varchar(8) DEFAULT NULL, `remark` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
5.Mysql數(shù)據(jù)庫完全恢復(fù)實(shí)際操作
使用mysqldump命令導(dǎo)出的文件可以使用導(dǎo)入的方法
- Source命令
- Mysql命令
拓展：mysql -e是指在bash環(huán)境執(zhí)行SQL語句，-e指調(diào)用命令（此命令行方便在Shell腳本中運(yùn)行）
mysql> show tables; +-----------------+ | Tables_in_class | +-----------------+ | class | | test | | test2 | +-----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'drop table class.test2;' #在bash環(huán)境使用mysql命令登入數(shù)據(jù)庫指定用戶root 指定密碼 指定sql命令刪除class數(shù)據(jù)庫下的test2數(shù)據(jù)表 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
mysql> show tables; +-----------------+ | Tables_in_class | +-----------------+ | class | | test | +-----------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.1使用Source命令恢復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)庫
mysql> source /usr/local/mysql/class_class_test_test2.sql mysql> show tables; +-----------------+ | Tables_in_class | +-----------------+ | class | | test | | test2 | +-----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.2使用Mysql命令恢復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)庫
[root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'drop table class.class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show tables from class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +-----------------+ | Tables_in_class | +-----------------+ | test | | test2 | +-----------------+ [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 class < class_class_test_test2.sql #使用mysql命令 指定用戶root 指定密碼為123456 將該目錄下的class_class_test_test2.sql數(shù)據(jù)文件導(dǎo)入到class數(shù)據(jù)庫中 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show tables from class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +-----------------+ | Tables_in_class | +-----------------+ | class | | test | | test2 | +-----------------+ [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'select * from class.class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +------+------+---------------+ | id | name | remark | +------+------+---------------+ | 1 | cxk | ctrl | | 2 | wyb | skateboarding | +------+------+---------------+
5.3有無--database的區(qū)別
Mysqldump嚴(yán)格來說是屬于溫備份，需要對(duì)表進(jìn)行寫入的鎖定。
在全量備份與恢復(fù)中，class數(shù)據(jù)庫，class數(shù)據(jù)庫中有class數(shù)據(jù)表
- 當(dāng)備份增加--database時(shí)，表示針對(duì)class整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫；
- 當(dāng)備份不增加--databases時(shí)，表示只針對(duì)class數(shù)據(jù)庫下所有的數(shù)據(jù)表
5.3.1有database
[root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show databases;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | class | | class2 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show tables from class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +-----------------+ | Tables_in_class | +-----------------+ | class | | test | | test2 | +-----------------+ [root@localhost mysql]#mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --databases class > class_all.sql #使用mysqldump命令 指定root用戶 指定密碼 備份class數(shù)據(jù)庫下所有內(nèi)容到當(dāng)前目錄 取名為class_all.sql mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#ls alldatabases.sql classdesc.sql include mysql-test bin class.sql lib README class_all.sql COPYING man share class-class2.sql data mysqld.pid support-files class_class.sql data.tar.gz mysql.sock usr class_class_test_test2.sql docs mysql.sock.lock [root@localhost mysql]#cat class_all.sql -- MySQL dump 10.13 Distrib 5.7.17, for Linux (x86_64) -- -- Host: localhost Database: class -- ------------------------------------------------------ -- Server version 5.7.17 /*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */; /*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */; /*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */; /*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */; /*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */; /*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */; /*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */; /*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */; /*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */; /*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */; -- -- Current Database: `class` -- CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `class` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */; USE `class`; -- -- Table structure for table `class` -- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `class`; /*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client */; /*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */; CREATE TABLE `class` ( `id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL, `name` varchar(8) DEFAULT NULL, `remark` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; /*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */; -- -- Dumping data for table `class` -- LOCK TABLES `class` WRITE; /*!40000 ALTER TABLE `class` DISABLE KEYS */; INSERT INTO `class` VALUES (1,'cxk','ctrl'),(2,'wyb','skateboarding'); /*!40000 ALTER TABLE `class` ENABLE KEYS */; UNLOCK TABLES; -- -- Table structure for table `test` -- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `test`; /*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client */; /*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */; CREATE TABLE `test` ( `id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL, `name` char(8) DEFAULT NULL, `hobby` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; /*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */; -- -- Dumping data for table `test` -- LOCK TABLES `test` WRITE; /*!40000 ALTER TABLE `test` DISABLE KEYS */; /*!40000 ALTER TABLE `test` ENABLE KEYS */; UNLOCK TABLES; -- -- Table structure for table `test2` -- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `test2`; /*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client */; /*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */; CREATE TABLE `test2` ( `id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL, `name` char(8) DEFAULT NULL, `hobby` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; /*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */; -- -- Dumping data for table `test2` -- LOCK TABLES `test2` WRITE; /*!40000 ALTER TABLE `test2` DISABLE KEYS */; /*!40000 ALTER TABLE `test2` ENABLE KEYS */; UNLOCK TABLES; /*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE */; /*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */; /*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */; /*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */; /*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */; /*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */; /*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */; /*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */; -- Dump completed on 2024-03-25 16:51:08
[root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'drop database class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show databases;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | class2 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+
[root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 class < class_all.sql #恢復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)庫 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. ERROR 1049 (42000): Unknown database 'class' [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'create database class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show databases;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | class | | class2 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 class < class_all.sql mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show databases;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | class | | class2 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'select * from class.class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +------+------+---------------+ | id | name | remark | +------+------+---------------+ | 1 | cxk | ctrl | | 2 | wyb | skateboarding | +------+------+---------------+
5.3.2無database
[root@localhost mysql]#mysqldump -uroot -p123456 class > /opt/class_all.sql mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#ls /opt/|grep "class" class_all.sql
[root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'drop database class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show databases;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | class2 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'create database class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 class < /opt/class_all.sql mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show databases;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | class | | class2 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ [root@localhost mysql]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'select * from class.class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +------+------+---------------+ | id | name | remark | +------+------+---------------+ | 1 | cxk | ctrl | | 2 | wyb | skateboarding | +------+------+---------------+
6.Crontab -e——執(zhí)行定時(shí)備份
0 1 * * 6 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqldump -uroot -p123456 class > class_all_$(date +%F).sql; /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -uroot -p flush-logs 或者 0 1 * * 6 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqldump -uroot -p123456 class > class_all_$(date +%Y%m%d).sql; /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -uroot -p flush-logs
五、日志
數(shù)據(jù)庫日志對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)庫的備份和恢復(fù)中起著至關(guān)重要的作用
日志默認(rèn)存放位置/usr/local/mysql/data文件夾下
1.配置文件
[root@localhost mysql]#vim /etc/my.cnf [root@localhost mysql]#sed -n '26,33p' /etc/my.cnf log-error=/usr/local/mysql/data/mysql_error.log #錯(cuò)誤日志 存放位置子啊/usr/local/mysql/data/目錄下 錯(cuò)誤日志文件名為mysql_error.log general_log=ON #通用查詢?nèi)罩鹃_啟 general_log_file=/usr/local/mysql/data/mysql_general.log #通用查詢?nèi)罩?保存位置在/usr/local/mysql/data目錄下 通用查詢?nèi)罩疚募麨閙ysql_general.log log-bin=mysql-bin #二進(jìn)制日志（binlog）：用來記錄所有更新了數(shù)據(jù)或者已經(jīng)潛在更新了數(shù)據(jù)的語句，記錄了數(shù)據(jù)的更改，可用于數(shù)據(jù)恢復(fù)，默認(rèn)開啟 slow_query_log=ON #慢查詢開啟 慢查詢：用來記錄所有執(zhí)行時(shí)間超過long_query_time秒的語句，可以找到哪些查詢語句執(zhí)行時(shí)間長，以便提醒優(yōu)化，默認(rèn)關(guān)閉 slow_query_log_file=/usr/local/mysql/data/mysql_slow_query.log #慢查詢?nèi)罩灸J(rèn)存放位置 /usr/local/mysql/data/ 慢查詢?nèi)罩疚募麨閙ysql_slow_query.log long_query_time=5 #設(shè)置超過5秒執(zhí)行的語句被記錄 缺省時(shí)為10秒 binlog_format = MIXED #指定二進(jìn)制日志(binlog)的記錄格式為MIXED（混合輸入）
二進(jìn)制日志開啟后，重啟mysql會(huì)在data目錄中看到二進(jìn)制日志（mysql-bin.000001,mysql-bin.000002...文件）開啟二進(jìn)制日志會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)索引文件及索引列表（mysql-bin.index）
[root@localhost mysql]#ls alldatabases.sql classdesc.sql include mysql-test bin class.sql lib README class_all.sql COPYING man share class-class2.sql data mysqld.pid support-files class_class.sql data.tar.gz mysql.sock usr class_class_test_test2.sql docs mysql.sock.lock [root@localhost mysql]#cd data/ [root@localhost data]#ls auto.cnf ibdata1 mysql mysql_error.log sys class ib_logfile0 mysql-bin.000001 mysql_general.log class2 ib_logfile1 mysql-bin.000002 mysql_slow_query.log ib_buffer_pool ibtmp1 mysql-bin.index performance_schema
其中，索引文件記錄更新的sql語句；
索引文件刷新方式
- 重啟Mysql服務(wù)的時(shí)候會(huì)更新索引文件，用于記錄新的更新的sql語句
- 刷新二進(jìn)制日志
二進(jìn)制日志（binlog）有三種不同的記錄格式
- STATEMENT（基于SQL語句）
- ROW（基于行）
- MIXED（混合輸入）
默認(rèn)格式是STATEMENT記錄格式
1.1STATEMENT（基于SQL語句）記錄格式
每一條設(shè)計(jì)到被修改的SQL都會(huì)記錄在binlog
- 缺點(diǎn)：日志量過大，如sleep()函數(shù)，last_insert_id()>，以及user-defined fuctions（udf）、主從復(fù)制等架構(gòu)記錄日志時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)問題
- 總結(jié)：增刪改查通過sql語句來實(shí)現(xiàn)記錄，如果用高并發(fā)可能會(huì)出錯(cuò)，可能時(shí)間差異或者延遲，可能不是我們想想的恢復(fù)可能你先刪除或者在修改，可能會(huì)倒過來。準(zhǔn)確率低
如果使用STATEMENT記錄格式，假如刪除數(shù)據(jù)庫數(shù)據(jù)表中的第四行的數(shù)據(jù)，再次恢復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)表的數(shù)據(jù)，不一定是第四行，有可能將第四行恢復(fù)到最后
1.2ROW（基于行）記錄格式
只記錄變動(dòng)的記錄，不記錄SQL的上下文環(huán)境
- 缺點(diǎn)：如果遇到update......set....where true 那么binlog的數(shù)據(jù)量會(huì)越來越大
- 總結(jié)：update、delete以多行數(shù)據(jù)起作用，來用行記錄下來，只記錄變動(dòng)的記錄，不記錄sql的上下文環(huán)境，比如sql語句記錄一行，但是ROW就可能記錄10行，但是準(zhǔn)確性高，高并發(fā)的時(shí)候由于操作量，性能變低 比較大所以記錄都記下來
1.3MIXED（混合輸入）記錄格式——推薦使用
一般的語句使用statement，函數(shù)使用ROW方式存儲(chǔ)。
根據(jù)并發(fā)量進(jìn)行分配，并發(fā)量低選擇STATEMENT，并發(fā)量高選擇ROW
2.查看數(shù)據(jù)庫日志
mysql> show variables like 'log_bin%'; #查看二進(jìn)制日志是否開啟 +---------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | log_bin | ON | | log_bin_basename | /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin | | log_bin_index | /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.index | | log_bin_trust_function_creators | OFF | | log_bin_use_v1_row_events | OFF | +---------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like 'general%'; #查看通用查詢?nèi)罩緺顟B(tài) +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | general_log | ON | | general_log_file | /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql_general.log | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like '%slow%'; #查看慢查詢?nèi)罩臼欠耖_啟 +---------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | log_slow_admin_statements | OFF | | log_slow_slave_statements | OFF | | slow_launch_time | 2 | | slow_query_log | ON | | slow_query_log_file | /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql_slow_query.log | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like 'long_query_time'; #查看慢查詢時(shí)間設(shè)置 +-----------------+----------+ | Variable_name | Value | +-----------------+----------+ | long_query_time | 5.000000 | +-----------------+----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
variables 表示變量 like 表示模糊查詢
- xxx%：以xxx為開頭的字段
- %xxx：以xxx為結(jié)尾的字段
- %xxx%：只要出現(xiàn)xxx字段的都會(huì)顯示出來
- xxx：精準(zhǔn)查詢
2.1查看二進(jìn)制日志文件內(nèi)容
[root@localhost data]#cp /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000001 /opt
[root@localhost data]#vim /opt/mysql-bin.000001
[root@localhost data]#cat /opt/mysql-bin.000001 _tbina?fw{5.7.17-loga?f8
**4??a?f#1f穵?f±'
[root@localhost data]#mysqlbinlog --no-defaults /opt/mysql-bin.000001
#使用mysql服務(wù)自帶的binlog二進(jìn)制解釋器默認(rèn)字符集查看/opt目錄下的/mysql-bin.000001數(shù)據(jù)文件
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=1*/;
/*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
DELIMITER /*!*/;
# at 4
#240325 17:11:06 server id 1 end_log_pos 123 CRC32 0x86c752f5 Start: binlog v 4, server v 5.7.17-log created 240325 17:11:06 at startup
ROLLBACK/*!*/;
BINLOG '
qj8BZg8BAAAAdwAAAHsAAAAAAAQANS43LjE3LWxvZwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACqPwFmEzgNAAgAEgAEBAQEEgAAXwAEGggAAAAICAgCAAAACgoKKioAEjQA
AfVSx4Y=
'/*!*/;
# at 123
#240325 17:11:06 server id 1 end_log_pos 154 CRC32 0x28e966b9 Previous-GTIDs
# [empty]
# at 154
#240325 17:12:21 server id 1 end_log_pos 177 CRC32 0xf627839d Stop
ERROR: Could not read entry at offset 177: Error in log format or read error.
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'AUTOMATIC' /* added by mysqlbinlog */ /*!*/;
DELIMITER ;
# End of log file
/*!50003 SET COMPLETION_TYPE=@OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE*/;
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=0*/;
[root@localhost data]#mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --base64-output=decode-rows -v /opt/mysql-bin.000001
#使用mysql服務(wù)自帶的binlog二進(jìn)制解釋器默認(rèn)字符集查看/opt目錄下的/mysql-bin.000001數(shù)據(jù)文件
#--base64-output=decode-rows：使用64位編碼機(jī)制去解碼（decode）并按行讀?。╮ows）
#-v: 顯示詳細(xì)內(nèi)容
#--no-defaults : 默認(rèn)字符集（不加會(huì)報(bào)UTF-8的錯(cuò)誤）
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=1*/;
/*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
DELIMITER /*!*/;
# at 4
#240325 17:11:06 server id 1 end_log_pos 123 CRC32 0x86c752f5 Start: binlog v 4, server v 5.7.17-log created 240325 17:11:06 at startup
ROLLBACK/*!*/;
# at 123
#240325 17:11:06 server id 1 end_log_pos 154 CRC32 0x28e966b9 Previous-GTIDs
# [empty]
# at 154
#240325 17:12:21 server id 1 end_log_pos 177 CRC32 0xf627839d Stop
ERROR: Could not read entry at offset 177: Error in log format or read error.
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'AUTOMATIC' /* added by mysqlbinlog */ /*!*/;
DELIMITER ;
# End of log file
/*!50003 SET COMPLETION_TYPE=@OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE*/;
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=0*/;
[root@localhost data]#mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --base64-output=decode-rows -v /opt/mysql-bin.000001 > /opt/mysql-bin.000001
#可以將解碼后的文件導(dǎo)出為txt格式 方便查閱二進(jìn)制日志內(nèi)容需要關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)部分
- at：開始的位置點(diǎn)
- end_log_pos：結(jié)束的位置點(diǎn)
- 時(shí)間戳：240325 18:05:20（2024年3月25日18點(diǎn)05分20秒）
- SQL語句
六、增量備份
1.環(huán)境準(zhǔn)備
mysql> create database class; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> use class Database changed mysql> show table; ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near '' at line 1 mysql> show tables; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> create table class(id int(6),name char(8),hobby varchar(40)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec) mysql> insert into class values(1,'cxk','ctrl'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into class values(2,'wyb','skateboarding'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from class; +------+------+---------------+ | id | name | hobby | +------+------+---------------+ | 1 | cxk | ctrl | | 2 | wyb | skateboarding | +------+------+---------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[root@localhost data]#mysqladmin -uroot -p123456 flush-logs #使用mysqladmin命令 指定root用戶 指定密碼為123456 刷新日志 mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost data]#ls auto.cnf ib_logfile0 mysql-bin.000002 mysql_slow_query.log class ib_logfile1 mysql-bin.000003 performance_schema class2 ibtmp1 mysql-bin.index sys ib_buffer_pool mysql mysql_error.log ibdata1 mysql-bin.000001 mysql_general.log #此時(shí)刷新后的日志為mysql-bin.000003該二進(jìn)制日志為空，之前的數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)容存放在刷新前的日志
2.使用二進(jìn)制日志備份與恢復(fù)
2.1數(shù)據(jù)備份
[root@localhost data]#mysqladmin -uroot -p123456 flush-logs mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost data]#ls auto.cnf ib_logfile0 mysql-bin.000001 mysql_error.log sys class ib_logfile1 mysql-bin.000002 mysql_general.log ib_buffer_pool ibtmp1 mysql-bin.000003 mysql_slow_query.log ibdata1 mysql mysql-bin.index performance_schema [root@localhost data]#mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --base64-output=decode-rows -v mysql-bin.000003 [root@localhost data]#cp mysql-bin.000003 /opt/ [root@localhost data]#ls /opt/ boost_1_59_0.tar.gz mysql-5.7.17 mysql-bin.000002 rh class_class.sql mysql-5.7.17.tar.gz mysql-bin.000003
刪除數(shù)據(jù)表
[root@localhost data]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show tables from class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +-----------------+ | Tables_in_class | +-----------------+ | class | +-----------------+ [root@localhost data]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'drop table class.class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost data]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show tables from class;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
2.2數(shù)據(jù)恢復(fù)
[root@localhost data]#ls /opt/ boost_1_59_0.tar.gz mysql-5.7.17 mysql-bin.000002 class_class.sql mysql-5.7.17.tar.gz rh [root@localhost data]#mysqlbinlog --no-defaults /opt/mysql-bin.000003| mysql -uroot -p123456 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost data]#mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'select * from class.class' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +------+------+---------------+ | id | name | hobby | +------+------+---------------+ | 1 | cxk | ctrl | | 2 | wyb | skateboarding | +------+------+---------------+
3.節(jié)點(diǎn)恢復(fù)
3.1插入數(shù)據(jù)
mysql> insert into class values(3,'zs','sing song'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into class values(4,'lyx','an mo'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into class values(5,'xzq','sing'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from class; +------+------+---------------+ | id | name | hobby | +------+------+---------------+ | 1 | cxk | ctrl | | 2 | wyb | skateboarding | | 3 | zs | sing song | | 4 | lyx | an mo | | 5 | xzq | sing | +------+------+---------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.2備份二進(jìn)制日志文件
[root@localhost data]#cp /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000004 /opt [root@localhost data]#ls /opt/ boost_1_59_0.tar.gz mysql-5.7.17 mysql-bin.000002 mysql-bin.000004 class_class.sql mysql-5.7.17.tar.gz mysql-bin.000003 rh [root@localhost data]#mysqladmin -uroot -p123456 flush-logs mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
3.3刪除數(shù)據(jù)庫
mysql> drop database class; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.4恢復(fù)最原始數(shù)據(jù)
[root@localhost data]#mysqlbinlog --no-defaults mysql-bin.000001| mysql -uroot -p123456 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | class | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from class.class; +------+------+---------------+ | id | name | hobby | +------+------+---------------+ | 1 | cxk | ctrl | | 2 | wyb | skateboarding | +------+------+---------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.5恢復(fù)第三條數(shù)據(jù)，跳過第四條數(shù)據(jù)，恢復(fù)第五條數(shù)據(jù)
[root@localhost data]#mysqlbinlog --no-defaults mysql-bin.000004 /*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=1*/; /*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/; DELIMITER /*!*/; # at 4 #240325 19:05:35 server id 1 end_log_pos 123 CRC32 0x8cca9a0f Start: binlog v 4, server v 5.7.17-log created 240325 19:05:35 BINLOG ' f1oBZg8BAAAAdwAAAHsAAAAAAAQANS43LjE3LWxvZwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEzgNAAgAEgAEBAQEEgAAXwAEGggAAAAICAgCAAAACgoKKioAEjQA AQ+ayow= '/*!*/; # at 123 #240325 19:05:35 server id 1 end_log_pos 154 CRC32 0xc343a14d Previous-GTIDs # [empty] # at 154 #240325 18:57:29 server id 1 end_log_pos 219 CRC32 0x2363efd7 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=0 sequence_number=1 SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/; # at 219 #240325 18:57:29 server id 1 end_log_pos 342 CRC32 0x0134024f Query thread_id=23 exec_time=597 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1711364249/*!*/; SET @@session.pseudo_thread_id=23/*!*/; SET @@session.foreign_key_checks=1, @@session.sql_auto_is_null=0, @@session.unique_checks=1, @@session.autocommit=1/*!*/; SET @@session.sql_mode=1437073414/*!*/; SET @@session.auto_increment_increment=1, @@session.auto_increment_offset=1/*!*/; /*!\C utf8 *//*!*/; SET @@session.character_set_client=33,@@session.collation_connection=33,@@session.collation_server=33/*!*/; SET @@session.lc_time_names=0/*!*/; SET @@session.collation_database=DEFAULT/*!*/; DROP TABLE "class"."class" /* generated by server */ /*!*/; # at 342 #240325 19:04:31 server id 1 end_log_pos 407 CRC32 0x6ecfc60a Anonymous_GTID last_committed=1 sequence_number=2 SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/; # at 407 #240325 19:04:31 server id 1 end_log_pos 543 CRC32 0x2b9a9ccc Query thread_id=23 exec_time=175 error_code=0 use `class`/*!*/; SET TIMESTAMP=1711364671/*!*/; create table class(id int(6),name char(8),hobby varchar(40)) /*!*/; # at 543 #240325 19:05:03 server id 1 end_log_pos 608 CRC32 0x93301d7a Anonymous_GTID last_committed=2 sequence_number=3 SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/; # at 608 #240325 19:05:03 server id 1 end_log_pos 689 CRC32 0x9a4dfeb5 Query thread_id=23 exec_time=143 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1711364703/*!*/; BEGIN /*!*/; # at 689 #240325 19:05:03 server id 1 end_log_pos 805 CRC32 0x00cd6a8b Query thread_id=23 exec_time=143 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1711364703/*!*/; insert into class values(1,'cxk','ctrl') /*!*/; # at 805 #240325 19:05:03 server id 1 end_log_pos 836 CRC32 0xe04e6909 Xid = 235 COMMIT/*!*/; # at 836 #240325 19:05:16 server id 1 end_log_pos 901 CRC32 0x75fad878 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=3 sequence_number=4 SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/; # at 901 #240325 19:05:16 server id 1 end_log_pos 982 CRC32 0x93099481 Query thread_id=23 exec_time=130 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1711364716/*!*/; BEGIN /*!*/; # at 982 #240325 19:05:16 server id 1 end_log_pos 1107 CRC32 0xcb3e3715 Query thread_id=23 exec_time=130 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1711364716/*!*/; insert into class values(2,'wyb','skateboarding') /*!*/; # at 1107 #240325 19:05:16 server id 1 end_log_pos 1138 CRC32 0x725b9d8c Xid = 241 COMMIT/*!*/; # at 1138 #240325 19:10:43 server id 1 end_log_pos 1203 CRC32 0xdc7ee633 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=4 sequence_number=5 SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/; # at 1203 #240325 19:10:43 server id 1 end_log_pos 1284 CRC32 0xa40309c5 Query thread_id=3 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1711365043/*!*/; BEGIN /*!*/; # at 1284 #240325 19:10:43 server id 1 end_log_pos 1404 CRC32 0xd6055200 Query thread_id=3 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1711365043/*!*/; insert into class values(3,'zs','sing song') /*!*/; # at 1404 #240325 19:10:43 server id 1 end_log_pos 1435 CRC32 0xc6f4a164 Xid = 250 COMMIT/*!*/; # at 1435 #240325 19:11:01 server id 1 end_log_pos 1500 CRC32 0xd23eccd1 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=5 sequence_number=6 SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/; # at 1500 #240325 19:11:01 server id 1 end_log_pos 1581 CRC32 0x9a58b66d Query thread_id=3 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1711365061/*!*/; BEGIN /*!*/; # at 1581 #240325 19:11:01 server id 1 end_log_pos 1698 CRC32 0x0583193e Query thread_id=3 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1711365061/*!*/; insert into class values(4,'lyx','an mo') /*!*/; # at 1698 #240325 19:11:01 server id 1 end_log_pos 1729 CRC32 0xbecfd71f Xid = 251 COMMIT/*!*/; # at 1729 #240325 19:11:14 server id 1 end_log_pos 1794 CRC32 0x9d8d8f8f Anonymous_GTID last_committed=6 sequence_number=7 SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/; # at 1794 #240325 19:11:14 server id 1 end_log_pos 1875 CRC32 0x1124da5c Query thread_id=3 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1711365074/*!*/; BEGIN /*!*/; # at 1875 #240325 19:11:14 server id 1 end_log_pos 1991 CRC32 0xee4f0216 Query thread_id=3 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1711365074/*!*/; insert into class values(5,'xzq','sing') /*!*/; # at 1991 #240325 19:11:14 server id 1 end_log_pos 2022 CRC32 0x4d943848 Xid = 252 COMMIT/*!*/; # at 2022 #240325 19:12:56 server id 1 end_log_pos 2069 CRC32 0xd63fcb53 Rotate to mysql-bin.000005 pos: 4 SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'AUTOMATIC' /* added by mysqlbinlog */ /*!*/; DELIMITER ; # End of log file /*!50003 SET COMPLETION_TYPE=@OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE*/; /*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=0*/;
[root@localhost data]#mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --start-position='1284' --stop-position='1435' mysql-bin.000004|mysql -uroot -p123456 #第三條數(shù)據(jù)插入at值為1284 結(jié)束值為1435 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
mysql> select * from class.class; +------+------+---------------+ | id | name | hobby | +------+------+---------------+ | 1 | cxk | ctrl | | 2 | wyb | skateboarding | | 3 | zs | sing song | +------+------+---------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)恢復(fù)第五條數(shù)據(jù)
[root@localhost data]#mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --start-datetime='2024-03-25 19:11:14' mysql-bin.000004|mysql -uroot -p123456 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
mysql> select * from class.class; +------+------+---------------+ | id | name | hobby | +------+------+---------------+ | 1 | cxk | ctrl | | 2 | wyb | skateboarding | | 3 | zs | sing song | | 5 | xzq | sing | +------+------+---------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
七、總結(jié)
1.物理冷備份
- 關(guān)閉Mysqld服務(wù)
- 使用tar命令進(jìn)行打包data目錄
- 恢復(fù)直接解壓即可
2.邏輯備份
- mysqldump -u -p --database 備份庫1,庫2 > xxx.sql #備份多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫
- mysqldump -u -p --all-database > xxx.sql #備份所有數(shù)據(jù)庫
- mysql -u -p 庫1,庫2 表1,表2 > xxx.sql #備份多庫多表
3.完全恢復(fù)
- mysql -u -p < xxx.sql #恢復(fù)整個(gè)庫
- mysql -u -p 庫名 < xxx.sql #恢復(fù)表
4.增量備份
- 要先開啟二進(jìn)制日志，設(shè)置二進(jìn)制格式為MIXED
- 進(jìn)行一次完全備份，可每周備份一次，通過crontable -e 進(jìn)行編輯
- mysqladmin -uroot -p flush-logs 刷新二進(jìn)制日志文件 分割出二進(jìn)制日志文件，由于刷新之前的數(shù)據(jù)都會(huì)記錄在老的二進(jìn)制文件里
- 可以通過mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --base64-output=decode-rows -v 二進(jìn)制文件名稱 可以查看日志內(nèi)容
- 可以通過mysqlbinlog --no-defaults 二進(jìn)制日志文件名 mysql -uroot -p 恢復(fù)丟失的數(shù)據(jù)庫
位置恢復(fù)——position
- start：--start-position
- stop：--stop-position
- start、stop：--start-position --stop-position
時(shí)間恢復(fù)——datetime
- start：--start-datetime
- stop：--stop-datetime
- start、stop：--start-datetime --stop-datetime
以上為個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)，希望能給大家一個(gè)參考，也希望大家多多支持腳本之家。
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