一文帶你搞懂SpringBoot中自動(dòng)裝配原理
引入
先看SpringBoot的主配置類
@SpringBootApplication public class DemoApplication{ public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(StartEurekaApplication.class, args); } }
@SpringBootApplication
點(diǎn)進(jìn)@SpringBootApplication來看,發(fā)現(xiàn)@SpringBootApplication是一個(gè)組合注解。
@Target(ElementType.TYPE) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Documented @Inherited @SpringBootConfiguration @EnableAutoConfiguration @ComponentScan(excludeFilters = { @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = TypeExcludeFilter.class), @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class) }) public @interface SpringBootApplication { }
@SpringBootApplication 由 @Configuration、@EnableAutoConfiguration、@ComponentScan 注解的集合組成:
- @Configuration:允許注冊(cè)額外的 bean 或?qū)肫渌渲妙?/li>
- @EnableAutoConfiguration:啟用 SpringBoot 的自動(dòng)配置機(jī)制
- @ComponentScan:掃描被@Component (@Repository,@Service,@Controller)注解的 bean,注解默認(rèn)會(huì)掃描該類所在的包下所有的類。
@SpringBootConfiguration
@SpringBootConfiguration 注解源碼如下:
@Target({ElementType.TYPE}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Documented @Configuration public @interface SpringBootConfiguration { }
可以看到這個(gè)注解除了元注解以外,就只有一個(gè)@Configuration,那也就是說這個(gè)注解相當(dāng)于@Configuration,所以這兩個(gè)注解作用是一樣的,也就是能夠去注冊(cè)一些額外的Bean,并且導(dǎo)入一些額外的配置。
@Configuration還有一個(gè)作用就是把該類變成一個(gè)配置類,不需要額外的XML進(jìn)行配置。所以@SpringBootConfiguration就相當(dāng)于@Configuration。
進(jìn)入@Configuration,發(fā)現(xiàn)@Configuration核心是@Component,說明Spring的配置類也是Spring的一個(gè)組件。
@Target({ElementType.TYPE}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Documented @Component public @interface Configuration { @AliasFor( annotation = Component.class ) String value() default ""; }
@EnableAutoConfiguration
繼續(xù)看@EnableAutoConfiguration,這個(gè)注解是開啟自動(dòng)配置的功能,源碼如下:
@Target({ElementType.TYPE}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Documented @Inherited @AutoConfigurationPackage @Import({AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class}) public @interface EnableAutoConfiguration { String ENABLED_OVERRIDE_PROPERTY = "spring.boot.enableautoconfiguration"; Class<?>[] exclude() default {}; String[] excludeName() default {}; }
可以看到它是由 @AutoConfigurationPackage,@Import(EnableAutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)這兩個(gè)而組成的,
@AutoConfigurationPackage
先看@AutoConfigurationPackage,這是為了讓包中的類以及子包中的類能夠被自動(dòng)掃描到spring容器中。
源碼如下:
@Target({ElementType.TYPE}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Documented @Inherited @Import({Registrar.class}) public @interface AutoConfigurationPackage { }
可以看到,這里使用@Import 來給Spring容器中導(dǎo)入一個(gè)組件 ,這里導(dǎo)入的是Registrar.class。來看下這個(gè)Registrar:
static class Registrar implements ImportBeanDefinitionRegistrar, DeterminableImports { Registrar() { } public void registerBeanDefinitions(AnnotationMetadata metadata, BeanDefinitionRegistry registry) { AutoConfigurationPackages.register(registry, (new AutoConfigurationPackages.PackageImport(metadata)).getPackageName()); } public Set<Object> determineImports(AnnotationMetadata metadata) { return Collections.singleton(new AutoConfigurationPackages.PackageImport(metadata)); } }
就是通過以上這個(gè)方法獲取掃描的包路徑,可以debug查看具體的值:
那metadata是什么呢,可以看到是標(biāo)注在@SpringBootApplication注解上的DemoApplication,也就是主配置類Application:
其實(shí)就是將主配置類(即@SpringBootApplication標(biāo)注的類)的所在包及子包里面所有組件掃描加載到Spring容器。因此要把DemoApplication放在項(xiàng)目的最高級(jí)中(最外層目錄)。
@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)
看看注解@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class),@Import注解就是給Spring容器中導(dǎo)入一些組件,這里傳入了一個(gè)組件的選擇器:AutoConfigurationImportSelector。
可以從圖中看出AutoConfigurationImportSelector 繼承了 DeferredImportSelector 繼承了 ImportSelector,ImportSelector有一個(gè)方法為:selectImports。將所有需要導(dǎo)入的組件以全類名的方式返回,這些組件就會(huì)被添加到容器中。
public String[] selectImports(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) { if (!this.isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) { return NO_IMPORTS; } else { AutoConfigurationMetadata autoConfigurationMetadata = AutoConfigurationMetadataLoader.loadMetadata(this.beanClassLoader); AutoConfigurationImportSelector.AutoConfigurationEntry autoConfigurationEntry = this.getAutoConfigurationEntry(autoConfigurationMetadata, annotationMetadata); return StringUtils.toStringArray(autoConfigurationEntry.getConfigurations()); } }
這里會(huì)給容器中導(dǎo)入 自動(dòng)配置類(xxxAutoConfiguration),也就是給容器中導(dǎo)入這個(gè)場景需要的所有組件,并配置好這些組件。
有了自動(dòng)配置類,就免去了手動(dòng)編寫配置注入功能組件等的工作。
那是如何獲取到這些配置類的呢,看看下面這個(gè)方法:
protected AutoConfigurationImportSelector.AutoConfigurationEntry getAutoConfigurationEntry(AutoConfigurationMetadata autoConfigurationMetadata, AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) { if (!this.isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) { return EMPTY_ENTRY; } else { AnnotationAttributes attributes = this.getAttributes(annotationMetadata); List<String> configurations = this.getCandidateConfigurations(annotationMetadata, attributes); configurations = this.removeDuplicates(configurations); Set<String> exclusions = this.getExclusions(annotationMetadata, attributes); this.checkExcludedClasses(configurations, exclusions); configurations.removeAll(exclusions); configurations = this.filter(configurations, autoConfigurationMetadata); this.fireAutoConfigurationImportEvents(configurations, exclusions); return new AutoConfigurationImportSelector.AutoConfigurationEntry(configurations, exclusions); } }
可以看到getCandidateConfigurations()這個(gè)方法,他的作用就是引入系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)加載好的一些類,那么到底是那些類呢:
protected List<String> getCandidateConfigurations(AnnotationMetadata metadata, AnnotationAttributes attributes) { List<String> configurations = SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames(this.getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass(), this.getBeanClassLoader()); Assert.notEmpty(configurations, "No auto configuration classes found in META-INF/spring.factories. If you are using a custom packaging, make sure that file is correct."); return configurations; } public static List<String> loadFactoryNames(Class<?> factoryClass, @Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) { String factoryClassName = factoryClass.getName(); return (List)loadSpringFactories(classLoader).getOrDefault(factoryClassName, Collections.emptyList()); }
會(huì)從META-INF/spring.factories中獲取資源,然后通過Properties加載資源:
private static Map<String, List<String>> loadSpringFactories(@Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) { MultiValueMap<String, String> result = (MultiValueMap)cache.get(classLoader); if (result != null) { return result; } else { try { Enumeration<URL> urls = classLoader != null ? classLoader.getResources("META-INF/spring.factories") : ClassLoader.getSystemResources("META-INF/spring.factories"); LinkedMultiValueMap result = new LinkedMultiValueMap(); while(urls.hasMoreElements()) { URL url = (URL)urls.nextElement(); UrlResource resource = new UrlResource(url); Properties properties = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource); Iterator var6 = properties.entrySet().iterator(); while(var6.hasNext()) { Map.Entry<?, ?> entry = (Map.Entry)var6.next(); String factoryClassName = ((String)entry.getKey()).trim(); String[] var9 = StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray((String)entry.getValue()); int var10 = var9.length; for(int var11 = 0; var11 < var10; ++var11) { String factoryName = var9[var11]; result.add(factoryClassName, factoryName.trim()); } } } cache.put(classLoader, result); return result; } catch (IOException var13) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to load factories from location [META-INF/spring.factories]", var13); } } }
可以知道SpringBoot在啟動(dòng)的時(shí)候從類路徑下的META-INF/spring.factories中獲取EnableAutoConfiguration指定的值,將這些值作為自動(dòng)配置類導(dǎo)入到容器中,自動(dòng)配置類就生效,幫我們進(jìn)行自動(dòng)配置工作。以前需要自己配置的東西,自動(dòng)配置類都幫我們完成了。
如下圖可以發(fā)現(xiàn)Spring常見的一些類已經(jīng)自動(dòng)導(dǎo)入。
@ComponentScan
接下來看@ComponentScan注解,@ComponentScan(excludeFilters = { @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = TypeExcludeFilter.class), @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class) }),這個(gè)注解就是掃描包,然后放入spring容器。
@ComponentScan(excludeFilters = { @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM,classes = {TypeExcludeFilter.class}), @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM,classes = {AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class})}) public @interface SpringBootApplication {}
總結(jié)下@SpringbootApplication:就是說,他已經(jīng)把很多東西準(zhǔn)備好,具體是否使用取決于我們的程序或者說配置。
小結(jié)
總的來說,SpringBoot的自動(dòng)裝配原理就是 通過@EnableAutoConfiguration
注解在類路徑的META-INF/spring.factories文件中找到所有的對(duì)應(yīng)配置類,然后將這些自動(dòng)配置類加載到spring容器中
run方法
public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); }
來看下在執(zhí)行run方法到底有沒有用到哪些自動(dòng)配置的東西,點(diǎn)進(jìn)run:
public ConfigurableApplicationContext run(String... args) { //計(jì)時(shí)器 StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch(); stopWatch.start(); ConfigurableApplicationContext context = null; Collection<SpringBootExceptionReporter> exceptionReporters = new ArrayList(); this.configureHeadlessProperty(); //監(jiān)聽器 SpringApplicationRunListeners listeners = this.getRunListeners(args); listeners.starting(); Collection exceptionReporters; try { ApplicationArguments applicationArguments = new DefaultApplicationArguments(args); ConfigurableEnvironment environment = this.prepareEnvironment(listeners, applicationArguments); this.configureIgnoreBeanInfo(environment); Banner printedBanner = this.printBanner(environment); //準(zhǔn)備上下文 context = this.createApplicationContext(); exceptionReporters = this.getSpringFactoriesInstances(SpringBootExceptionReporter.class, new Class[]{ConfigurableApplicationContext.class}, context); //預(yù)刷新context this.prepareContext(context, environment, listeners, applicationArguments, printedBanner); //刷新context this.refreshContext(context); //刷新之后的context this.afterRefresh(context, applicationArguments); stopWatch.stop(); if (this.logStartupInfo) { (new StartupInfoLogger(this.mainApplicationClass)).logStarted(this.getApplicationLog(), stopWatch); } listeners.started(context); this.callRunners(context, applicationArguments); } catch (Throwable var10) { this.handleRunFailure(context, var10, exceptionReporters, listeners); throw new IllegalStateException(var10); } try { listeners.running(context); return context; } catch (Throwable var9) { this.handleRunFailure(context, var9, exceptionReporters, (SpringApplicationRunListeners)null); throw new IllegalStateException(var9); } }
那我們關(guān)注的就是 refreshContext(context); 刷新context,我們點(diǎn)進(jìn)來看。
private void refreshContext(ConfigurableApplicationContext context) { refresh(context); if (this.registerShutdownHook) { try { context.registerShutdownHook(); } catch (AccessControlException ex) { // Not allowed in some environments. } } }
繼續(xù)點(diǎn)進(jìn)refresh(context);
protected void refresh(ApplicationContext applicationContext) { Assert.isInstanceOf(AbstractApplicationContext.class, applicationContext); ((AbstractApplicationContext) applicationContext).refresh(); }
會(huì)調(diào)用 ((AbstractApplicationContext) applicationContext).refresh();方法,點(diǎn)進(jìn)來看:
public void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException { synchronized (this.startupShutdownMonitor) { // Prepare this context for refreshing. prepareRefresh(); // Tell the subclass to refresh the internal bean factory. ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = obtainFreshBeanFactory(); // Prepare the bean factory for use in this context. prepareBeanFactory(beanFactory); try { // Allows post-processing of the bean factory in context subclasses. postProcessBeanFactory(beanFactory); // Invoke factory processors registered as beans in the context. invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(beanFactory); // Register bean processors that intercept bean creation. registerBeanPostProcessors(beanFactory); // Initialize message source for this context. initMessageSource(); // Initialize event multicaster for this context. initApplicationEventMulticaster(); // Initialize other special beans in specific context subclasses. onRefresh(); // Check for listener beans and register them. registerListeners(); // Instantiate all remaining (non-lazy-init) singletons. finishBeanFactoryInitialization(beanFactory); // Last step: publish corresponding event. finishRefresh(); }catch (BeansException ex) { if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) { logger.warn("Exception encountered during context initialization - " + "cancelling refresh attempt: " + ex); } // Destroy already created singletons to avoid dangling resources. destroyBeans(); // Reset 'active' flag. cancelRefresh(ex); // Propagate exception to caller. throw ex; }finally { // Reset common introspection caches in Spring's core, since we // might not ever need metadata for singleton beans anymore... resetCommonCaches(); } } }
由此可知,就是一個(gè)spring的bean的加載過程。繼續(xù)來看一個(gè)方法叫做 onRefresh():
protected void onRefresh() throws BeansException { // For subclasses: do nothing by default. }
在這里并沒有直接實(shí)現(xiàn),找他的具體實(shí)現(xiàn):
比如Tomcat跟web有關(guān),可以看到有個(gè)ServletWebServerApplicationContext:
@Override protected void onRefresh() { super.onRefresh(); try { createWebServer(); } catch (Throwable ex) { throw new ApplicationContextException("Unable to start web server", ex); } }
可以看到有一個(gè)createWebServer()方法,用于創(chuàng)建web容器,而Tomcat不就是web容器。
那是如何創(chuàng)建的呢:
private void createWebServer() { WebServer webServer = this.webServer; ServletContext servletContext = getServletContext(); if (webServer == null && servletContext == null) { ServletWebServerFactory factory = getWebServerFactory(); this.webServer = factory.getWebServer(getSelfInitializer()); } else if (servletContext != null) { try { getSelfInitializer().onStartup(servletContext); } catch (ServletException ex) { throw new ApplicationContextException("Cannot initialize servlet context", ex); } } initPropertySources(); }
factory.getWebServer(getSelfInitializer()),顯然是通過工廠的方式創(chuàng)建的。
public interface ServletWebServerFactory { WebServer getWebServer(ServletContextInitializer... initializers); }
可以看到 它是一個(gè)接口,為什么會(huì)是接口。因?yàn)椴恢故荰omcat一種web容器,可以看到還有Jetty
接下來看TomcatServletWebServerFactory:
@Override public WebServer getWebServer(ServletContextInitializer... initializers) { Tomcat tomcat = new Tomcat(); File baseDir = (this.baseDirectory != null) ? this.baseDirectory : createTempDir("tomcat"); tomcat.setBaseDir(baseDir.getAbsolutePath()); Connector connector = new Connector(this.protocol); tomcat.getService().addConnector(connector); customizeConnector(connector); tomcat.setConnector(connector); tomcat.getHost().setAutoDeploy(false); configureEngine(tomcat.getEngine()); for (Connector additionalConnector : this.additionalTomcatConnectors) { tomcat.getService().addConnector(additionalConnector); } prepareContext(tomcat.getHost(), initializers); return getTomcatWebServer(tomcat); }
這塊代碼,就是要尋找的內(nèi)置Tomcat,在這個(gè)過程當(dāng)中,可以看到創(chuàng)建Tomcat的一個(gè)流程。
也就是:
- 首先從main找到run()方法,在執(zhí)行run()方法之前new一個(gè)SpringApplication對(duì)象
- 進(jìn)入run()方法,創(chuàng)建應(yīng)用監(jiān)聽器SpringApplicationRunListeners開始監(jiān)聽
- 然后加載SpringBoot配置環(huán)境(ConfigurableEnvironment),然后把配置環(huán)境(Environment)加入監(jiān)聽對(duì)象中
- 然后加載應(yīng)用上下文(ConfigurableApplicationContext),當(dāng)做run方法的返回對(duì)象
- 最后創(chuàng)建Spring容器,refreshContext(context),實(shí)現(xiàn)starter自動(dòng)化配置和bean的實(shí)例化等工作。
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