Java操作Word文檔的全面指南

更新時(shí)間：2025年07月06日 11:50:36 作者：醒過(guò)來(lái)摸魚

在Java開發(fā)中,操作Word文檔是常見的業(yè)務(wù)需求,廣泛應(yīng)用于合同生成、報(bào)表輸出、通知發(fā)布、法律文書生成、病歷模板填寫等場(chǎng)景,本文將全面介紹Java操作Word文檔的主流方案,需要的朋友可以參考下

簡(jiǎn)介

Word編程最重要的類是org.apache.poi.xwpf.usermodel.XWPFDocument。涉及的東西十分復(fù)雜。而且Apache poi操作word的技術(shù)非常不成熟。代碼中本身有很多bug。

Maven的依賴為

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
    <artifactId>poi-ooxml</artifactId>
    <version>5.0.0</version>
</dependency>

以下代碼創(chuàng)建一個(gè)空word文檔。

public class EmptyWord {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        XWPFDocument document = new XWPFDocument();
        File file = new File("test.word");
        document.write(new FileOutputStream(file));
    }
}

段落

首先看看段落與字體設(shè)置。

假設(shè)有需要生成一個(gè)一級(jí)標(biāo)題,利用document創(chuàng)建段落。每個(gè)段落又有多個(gè)run組成。Run不能繼續(xù)拆分，一個(gè)run擁有共同的字體。如以下代碼創(chuàng)建一個(gè)段落:

final XWPFParagraph paragraph = document.createParagraph();
paragraph.setNumILvl(BigInteger.valueOf(1L));
final XWPFRun run = paragraph.createRun();
run.setText("老了");
run.setFontSize(10);
run.setColor("ffff00");
run.setFontFamily("宋書");

而段落的大綱級(jí)別的設(shè)置比較復(fù)雜，代碼如下

CTPPr pPr = paragraph.getCTP().getPPr();
if (pPr == null) {
    pPr = paragraph.getCTP().addNewPPr();
}
final CTDecimalNumber ctDecimalNumber = pPr.addNewOutlineLvl();
ctDecimalNumber.setVal(BigInteger.valueOf(1));
pPr.setOutlineLvl(ctDecimalNumber);

這里有一個(gè)難懂的概念，什么是CTP。

其效果如下：

頁(yè)頭與頁(yè)腳

頁(yè)頭與頁(yè)腳測(cè)試時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)生成的頁(yè)頭和頁(yè)腳只能在WORD中看到，在WPS里看不到。這可能是POI的一個(gè)bug。生成頁(yè)頭和頁(yè)腳都比較簡(jiǎn)單。

final XWPFDocument document = new XWPFDocument();
final XWPFHeader header = document.createHeader(HeaderFooterType.DEFAULT);
final XWPFParagraph paragraph = header.createParagraph();
final XWPFRun run = paragraph.createRun();
run.setText("我是頁(yè)頭");
run.setFontSize(12);
run.setColor("ff00ff");
System.out.println(header.getText());

頁(yè)腳為：

// 頁(yè)腳呢
final XWPFFooter footer = document.createFooter(HeaderFooterType.DEFAULT);
final XWPFParagraph footerParagraph = footer.createParagraph();
final XWPFRun footerParagraphRun = footerParagraph.createRun();
footerParagraphRun.setText("頁(yè)腳");
footerParagraphRun.setFontSize(12);

完整效果如下：

頁(yè)碼

生成頁(yè)碼的方法比較復(fù)雜。但是值得挑戰(zhàn)一下。

final XWPFFooter footer = document.createFooter(HeaderFooterType.DEFAULT);
XWPFParagraph paragraph = footer.createParagraph();
XWPFRun run = paragraph.createRun();
run.setText("第");

run = paragraph.createRun();
CTFldChar ctFldChar = run.getCTR().addNewFldChar();
ctFldChar.setFldCharType(STFldCharType.BEGIN);

// 又一段
run = paragraph.createRun();
CTText ctText = run.getCTR().addNewInstrText();
ctText.setStringValue("PAGE \\* MERGEFORMAT");
ctText.setSpace(SpaceAttribute.Space.Enum.forString("preserve"));

ctFldChar = run.getCTR().addNewFldChar();
ctFldChar.setFldCharType(STFldCharType.END);

run = paragraph.createRun();
run.setText("頁(yè) 總共");

run = paragraph.createRun();
ctFldChar = run.getCTR().addNewFldChar();
ctFldChar.setFldCharType(STFldCharType.BEGIN);

run = paragraph.createRun();
ctText = run.getCTR().addNewInstrText();
ctText.setStringValue("NUMPAGES \\* MERGEFORMAT");
ctText.setSpace(SpaceAttribute.Space.Enum.forString("preserve"));

ctFldChar = run.getCTR().addNewFldChar();
ctFldChar.setFldCharType(STFldCharType.END);

run = paragraph.createRun();
run.setText("頁(yè)");

同樣，兼容word，不兼容WPS。

效果如下：

表格

Word里插入表格，是非常常見的功能。

final XWPFDocument document = new XWPFDocument();
final XWPFTable table = document.createTable(3, 3);
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
        table.getRow(i).getCell(j).setText(i+"-"+j);
    }
}

表格有點(diǎn)丑，但是勉強(qiáng)可以用哈：

圖片

插入圖片也是必要的功能啊，代碼示例如下：

String imagePath = "image.png"; // 圖片路徑
            FileInputStream imageStream = new FileInputStream(imagePath);

            // 設(shè)置圖片尺寸（單位：EMU）
            int width = Units.toEMU(300); // 寬度（約4厘米）
            int height = Units.toEMU(200); // 高度

            final XWPFParagraph paragraph = document.createParagraph();
            final XWPFRun run = paragraph.createRun();
            // 插入圖片
            run.addPicture(
                    imageStream,
                    XWPFDocument.PICTURE_TYPE_PNG, // 圖片格式
                    "image.png", // 描述文本
                    width,
                    height
            );
            imageStream.close();

插入圖片效果：

批注

Word編程加批注是十分困難的、十分復(fù)雜的。在poi里，有同名的包，不能導(dǎo)錯(cuò)，以下是正確的包：

import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTComment;
import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTComments;
import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTText;

首先要寫一個(gè)輔助類，輔助類倒是比較簡(jiǎn)單：

public class MyXWPFCommentsDocument extends POIXMLDocumentPart {

    private CTComments ctComments;

    private MyXWPFCommentsDocument(PackagePart part) {
        super(part);
        ctComments = CommentsDocument.Factory.newInstance().addNewComments();
    }

    public CTComments getCtComments() {
        return ctComments;
    }

    @Override
    protected void commit() throws IOException {
        XmlOptions xmlOptions = new XmlOptions(POIXMLTypeLoader.DEFAULT_XML_OPTIONS);
        xmlOptions.setSaveSyntheticDocumentElement(new QName(CTComments.type.getName().getNamespaceURI(), "comments"));
        PackagePart part = getPackagePart();
        OutputStream out = part.getOutputStream();
        ctComments.save(out, xmlOptions);
        out.close();
    }

    public static MyXWPFCommentsDocument createCommentsDocument(XWPFDocument document) throws Exception {
        OPCPackage oPCPackage = document.getPackage();
        PackagePartName partName = PackagingURIHelper.createPartName("/word/comments.xml");
        PackagePart part = oPCPackage.createPart(partName, "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.comments+xml");
        MyXWPFCommentsDocument myXWPFCommentsDocument = new MyXWPFCommentsDocument(part);

        String rId = "rId" + (document.getRelationParts().size()+1);
        document.addRelation(rId, XWPFRelation.COMMENT, myXWPFCommentsDocument);

        return myXWPFCommentsDocument;
    }
}

以下是加入批注的方法：

 MyXWPFCommentsDocument myXWPFCommentsDocument = MyXWPFCommentsDocument.createCommentsDocument(document);

        CTComments comments = myXWPFCommentsDocument.getCtComments();
        CTComment ctComment;
        XWPFParagraph paragraph;


        //first comment
        BigInteger cId = BigInteger.ZERO;

        ctComment = comments.addNewComment();
        CTText ctText = ctComment.addNewP().addNewR().addNewT();
        ctText.setStringValue("The first comment.");
        ctComment.setAuthor("Axel Ríchter");
        ctComment.setInitials("AR");
        ctComment.setId(cId);


        paragraph = document.createParagraph();
        paragraph.getCTP().addNewCommentRangeStart().setId(cId);

        XWPFRun run;
        run = paragraph.createRun();
        run.setText("Paragraph with the first comment.");

        paragraph.getCTP().addNewCommentRangeEnd().setId(cId);

        paragraph.getCTP().addNewR().addNewCommentReference().setId(cId);

以下是批注的效果：

文本框

文本框的插入也是比較復(fù)雜，代碼如下：

XWPFParagraph paragraph = document.createParagraph();
XWPFRun run=paragraph.createRun();
run.setText("The Body text: ");

CTGroup ctGroup = CTGroup.Factory.newInstance();

CTShape ctShape = ctGroup.addNewShape();
ctShape.setStyle("width:100pt;height:24pt");
CTTxbxContent ctTxbxContent = ctShape.addNewTextbox().addNewTxbxContent();
ctTxbxContent.addNewP().addNewR().addNewT().setStringValue("The TextBox text...");

Node ctGroupNode = ctGroup.getDomNode();
CTPicture ctPicture = CTPicture.Factory.parse(ctGroupNode);
run=paragraph.createRun();
CTR cTR = run.getCTR();
cTR.addNewPict();
cTR.setPictArray(0, ctPicture);

簡(jiǎn)單展示下效果:

try (XWPFDocument document = new XWPFDocument()) {

            document.createTOC();

            final XWPFParagraph paragraph = document.createParagraph();
            // 獲取段落屬性，若不存在則新建
            CTPPr ppr = paragraph.getCTP().isSetPPr() ? paragraph.getCTP().getPPr() : paragraph.getCTP().addNewPPr();

            // 設(shè)置大綱級(jí)別為 1
            CTDecimalNumber outlineLvl = ppr.isSetOutlineLvl() ? ppr.getOutlineLvl() : ppr.addNewOutlineLvl();
            outlineLvl.setVal(BigInteger.valueOf(1));

            final XWPFRun run = paragraph.createRun();
            run.setText("標(biāo)題一");
            run.setFontSize(10);
            run.setFontFamily("宋書");

            File file = new File("toc.docx");
            document.write(Files.newOutputStream(file.toPath()));
        }

雖然代碼運(yùn)行不報(bào)錯(cuò)，但是結(jié)果是生成不了目錄。以下是效果圖：

圖表

英文叫chart，chart是需要關(guān)聯(lián)excel表格的。所以這個(gè)特別復(fù)雜。完整代碼如下：

// create the data
     String[] categories = new String[] { "Lang 1", "Lang 2", "Lang 3" };
     Double[] valuesA = new Double[] { 10d, 20d, 30d };
     Double[] valuesB = new Double[] { 15d, 25d, 35d };

     // create the chart
     XWPFChart chart = doc.createChart(15 * Units.EMU_PER_CENTIMETER, 10 * Units.EMU_PER_CENTIMETER);

     // create data sources
     int numOfPoints =categories. Length;
     String categoryDataRange = chart.formatRange(new CellRangeAddress(1, numOfPoints, 0, 0));
     String valuesDataRangeA = chart.formatRange(new CellRangeAddress(1, numOfPoints, 1, 1));
     String valuesDataRangeB = chart.formatRange(new CellRangeAddress(1, numOfPoints, 2, 2));
     XDDFDataSource<String> categoriesData = XDDFDataSourcesFactory.fromArray(categories, categoryDataRange, 0);
     XDDFNumericalDataSource<Double> valuesDataA = XDDFDataSourcesFactory.fromArray(valuesA, valuesDataRangeA, 1);
     XDDFNumericalDataSource<Double> valuesDataB = XDDFDataSourcesFactory.fromArray(valuesB, valuesDataRangeB, 2);

     // create axis
     XDDFCategoryAxis bottomAxis = chart.createCategoryAxis(AxisPosition.BOTTOM);
     XDDFValueAxis leftAxis = chart.createValueAxis(AxisPosition.LEFT);
     leftAxis.setCrosses(AxisCrosses.AUTO_ZERO);
     // Set AxisCrossBetween, so the left axis crosses the category axis between the categories.
     // Else first and last category is exactly on cross points and the bars are only half visible.
     leftAxis.setCrossBetween(AxisCrossBetween.BETWEEN);

     // create chart data
     XDDFChartData data = chart.createData(ChartTypes.BAR, bottomAxis, leftAxis);
     ((XDDFBarChartData) data).setBarDirection(BarDirection.COL);

     // create series
     // if only one series do not vary colors for each bar
     ((XDDFBarChartData) data).setVaryColors(false);
     XDDFChartData.Series series = data.addSeries(categoriesData, valuesDataA);
     // XDDFChart.setSheetTitle is buggy. It creates a Table but only half way and incomplete.
     // Excel cannot opening the workbook after creatingg that incomplete Table.
     // So updating the chart data in Word is not possible.
     //series.setTitle("a", chart.setSheetTitle("a", 1));
     series.setTitle("a", setTitleInDataSheet(chart, "a", 1));

/*
   // if more than one series do vary colors of the series
   ((XDDFBarChartData)data).setVaryColors(true);
   series = data.addSeries(categoriesData, valuesDataB);
   //series.setTitle("b", chart.setSheetTitle("b", 2));
   series.setTitle("b", setTitleInDataSheet(chart, "b", 2));
*/

     // plot chart data
     chart.plot(data);

     // create legend
     XDDFChartLegend legend = chart.getOrAddLegend();
     legend.setPosition(LegendPosition.LEFT);
     legend.setOverlay(false);

還有一個(gè)私有方法：

static CellReference setTitleInDataSheet(XWPFChart chart, String title, int column) throws Exception {
    XSSFWorkbook workbook = chart.getWorkbook();
    XSSFSheet sheet = workbook.getSheetAt(0);
    XSSFRow row = sheet.getRow(0);
    if (row == null)
        row = sheet.createRow(0);
    XSSFCell cell = row.getCell(column);
    if (cell == null)
        cell = row.createCell(column);
    cell.setCellValue(title);
    return new CellReference(sheet.getSheetName(), 0, column, true, true);
}

運(yùn)行效果如下：