Python開發(fā)的HTTP庫requests詳解
更新時(shí)間：2017年08月29日 08:45:18 作者：jack-boy
Requests是用Python語言編寫，基于urllib，采用Apache2 Licensed開源協(xié)議的HTTP庫。它比urllib更加方便，可以節(jié)約我們大量的工作，完全滿足HTTP測試需求。Requests的哲學(xué)是以PEP 20 的習(xí)語為中心開發(fā)的，所以它比urllib更加Pythoner。更重要的一點(diǎn)是它支持Python3哦！
Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 許可證的 基于Python開發(fā)的HTTP 庫，其在Python內(nèi)置模塊的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了高度的封裝，從而使得Pythoner進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)請求時(shí)，變得美好了許多，使用Requests可以輕而易舉的完成瀏覽器可有的任何操作。
1. GET請求
# 1、無參數(shù)實(shí)例
import requests
ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)
# 2、有參數(shù)實(shí)例
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)
2. POST請求
# 1、基本POST實(shí)例
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
print(ret.text)
# 2、發(fā)送請求頭和數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)例
import requests
import json
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)
3. 其它請求
requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs) requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs) requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs) requests.head(url, **kwargs) requests.delete(url, **kwargs) requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs) requests.options(url, **kwargs) # 以上方法均是在此方法的基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建 requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)
4. 請求參數(shù)
def request(method, url, **kwargs):
"""Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
:param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
:param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
:param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
:param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
:param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
to add for the file.
:param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
:param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
:type timeout: float or tuple
:param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
:type allow_redirects: bool
:param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
:param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
:param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
:param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
:return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
:rtype: requests.Response
Usage::
>>> import requests
>>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
<Response [200]>
"""
5. 參數(shù)示例
def param_method_url():
# requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
# requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
pass
def param_param():
# - 可以是字典
# - 可以是字符串
# - 可以是字節(jié)（ascii編碼以內(nèi)）
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費(fèi)'})
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params="k1=v1&k2=水電費(fèi)&k3=v3&k3=vv3")
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
# 錯(cuò)誤
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水電費(fèi)&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
pass
def param_data():
# 可以是字典
# 可以是字符串
# 可以是字節(jié)
# 可以是文件對象
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費(fèi)'})
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
# )
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
# headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
# )
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件內(nèi)容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
# headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
# )
pass
def param_json():
# 將json中對應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行序列化成一個(gè)字符串，json.dumps(...)
# 然后發(fā)送到服務(wù)器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費(fèi)'})
def param_headers():
# 發(fā)送請求頭到服務(wù)器端
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費(fèi)'},
headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
)
def param_cookies():
# 發(fā)送Cookie到服務(wù)器端
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
)
# 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基礎(chǔ)上封裝）
from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
from http.cookiejar import Cookie
obj = CookieJar()
obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
)
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
cookies=obj)
def param_files():
# 發(fā)送文件
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
# 發(fā)送文件，定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
# 發(fā)送文件，定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
# 發(fā)送文件，定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
pass
def param_auth():
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
print(ret.text)
# ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
# auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
# ret.encoding = 'gbk'
# print(ret.text)
# ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
# print(ret)
#
def param_timeout():
# ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
# print(ret)
# ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
# print(ret)
pass
def param_allow_redirects():
ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
print(ret.text)
def param_proxies():
# proxies = {
# "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
# "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
# }
# proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}
# ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy#/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
# print(ret.headers)
# from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
#
# proxyDict = {
# 'http': '77.75.105.165',
# 'https': '77.75.105.165'
# }
# auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
#
# r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
# print(r.text)
pass
def param_stream():
ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
print(ret.content)
ret.close()
# from contextlib import closing
# with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
# # 在此處理響應(yīng)。
# for i in r.iter_content():
# print(i)
def requests_session():
import requests
session = requests.Session()
### 1、首先登陸任何頁面，獲取cookie
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
### 2、用戶登陸，攜帶上一次的cookie，后臺對cookie中的 gpsd 進(jìn)行授權(quán)
i2 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data={
'phone': "8615131255089",
'password': "xxxxxx",
'oneMonth': ""
}
)
i3 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
)
print(i3.text)
6. requests模擬登陸GitHub
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
def login_github():
"""
通過requests模塊模擬瀏覽器登陸GitHub
:return:
"""
# 獲取csrf_token
r1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login') # 獲得get請求的對象
s1 = BeautifulSoup(r1.text, 'html.parser') # 使用bs4解析HTML對象
token = s1.find('input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}).get('value') # 獲取登陸授權(quán)碼，即csrf_token
get_cookies = r1.cookies.get_dict() # 獲取get請求的cookies，post請求時(shí)必須攜帶
# 發(fā)送post登陸請求
'''
post登陸參數(shù)
commit Sign+in
utf8 ✓
authenticity_token E961jQMIyC9NPwL54YPj70gv2hbXWJ…fTUd+e4lT5RAizKbfzQo4eRHsfg==
login JackUpDown（用戶名）
password **********（密碼）
'''
r2 = requests.post(
'https://github.com/session',
data={
'commit': 'Sign+in',
'utf8': '✓',
'authenticity_token': token,
'login': 'JackUpDown',
'password': '**********'
},
cookies=get_cookies # 攜帶get請求的cookies
)
login_cookies = r2.cookies.get_dict() # 獲得登陸成功的cookies，攜帶此cookies就可以訪問任意GitHub頁面
# 攜帶post cookies跳轉(zhuǎn)任意頁面
r3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails', cookies=login_cookies)
print(r3.text)
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