#coding=utf-8
# builtin_function.py 內(nèi)置函數(shù)
import os

def fun():
  all([True, False]) # 迭代器(為空or)所有元素為true,返回true => False
  any([True, False]) # 迭代器任意一個元素為true,返回true => True

  num = abs(-1.23) # 絕對值
  num = pow(5, 3) # 冪次方 x**y =>125
  num = pow(5, 3, 3) # 冪次方再取余 (x**y) % z => 2
  num = round(1.23) # 返回浮點數(shù)近似值,默認(rèn)保留0位,且四舍五入
  num = round(1.23, 5) # 5為保留小數(shù)點后位數(shù)
  num = sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) # 對列表數(shù)字求和
  strs = ascii(os) # 返回對象的ascii字符串形式
  strs = bin(123) # 整數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)為二進(jìn)制字符串(若被轉(zhuǎn)對象非int類型可在__index__里定義)
  boolean = bool(0) # 獲取真假(假:None / False / 任何類型的0 / 空""()[]{} / __bool__返回False / __len__返回0)
  bytes = bytearray("You were, are and will be in my heart!", "utf-8") # 字符串(字符串,編碼):按編碼轉(zhuǎn)為字節(jié)序列 / 數(shù)字(數(shù)字):生成相應(yīng)大小的空數(shù)組 / 無參():0數(shù)組
  bytes = bytes("You were, are and will be in my heart!", "utf-8") # 同bytearray(),但是不可變
  strs = chr(123) # 整數(shù)(Unicode)轉(zhuǎn)為char類型(范圍[0, 1 114 111])
  num = ord("{") # char類型轉(zhuǎn)為整數(shù)(Unicode)
  num = complex("1+2j") # 將字符串或數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)為復(fù)數(shù)(不能含有空格)
  num = float('1.1') # 構(gòu)建浮點數(shù)
  strs = format(123,'f') # 格式化(類型:x,b,f... / 位移:>(>10),<,^ / 長度:5 / E)
  strs = hex(123) # 將整數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)為16進(jìn)制字符串
  strs = oct(123) # 十進(jìn)制轉(zhuǎn)成8進(jìn)制字符串
  num = int(123.1) # 轉(zhuǎn)為整數(shù)
  strs = str(123) # 將對象轉(zhuǎn)為字符串
  strs = str(b"123", "utf-8")
  elem = max([1,2,3,4], [2,4,6]) # 可接收1個iterable,或多個元素 => [2, 4, 6]
  elem = max(1,2,3,4) # => 4
  elem = max([1,2,3,4, 6], key = lambda x : x == 2) # => 2
  elem = min(1,2,3,4) # 與max相反

  exe = compile("print('O_O')", filename = 'strs', mode='exec') # 編譯為代碼, mode(編譯模式:可執(zhí)行語句'exec',單個語句'eval',交互式語句'single')
  exec(exe) # 執(zhí)行已編譯代碼
  exec("print('O_O')") # 執(zhí)行String未編譯代碼
  eval(compile("print('O_O')", filename = 'strs', mode='eval')) # 不接受字符串類型

  delattr(Clazz("Hello!"), "name") # 刪除某對象屬性 = del clazz.name 詳情見 類 文章的 反射 代碼塊(http://www.dbjr.com.cn/article/128897.htm)
  setattr(Clazz("Hello!"), "name", "World!") # 給對象某屬性賦值
  strs = getattr(Clazz("Hello!"), "name") # 獲取某個對象的屬性值
  strs = getattr(Clazz("Hello!"), "name", -1) # -1為未找到屬性的返回
  boolean = hasattr(Clazz("Hello!"), "name") # 該對象是否有該屬性
  lists = dir(Clazz("Hello!")) # 查看函數(shù)
  clazz = type(os) # 獲取類型
  dicts = globals() # 獲取當(dāng)前全局函數(shù)與對象
  dicts = locals() # 獲取當(dāng)前局部函數(shù)與對象
  dicts = vars() # 同locals() (__dict__)
  dicts = vars(Clazz("Hello!"))
  num = hash(Clazz("Hello!")) # 獲取某對象的hash值 
  help(os) # 獲取某對象的幫助文檔
  num = id(os) # 獲取某對象的id
  boolean = isinstance(Clazz("Hello!"), Clazz) # 對象是否是該類的實例
  boolean = issubclass(Clazz, Clazz) # 該類(前)是否是該類(后)的子類(包括自己)
  strs = repr(os) # 將對象轉(zhuǎn)為字符串表達(dá)形式
  # - super() # 代理父類對象,詳情見 類 文章(http://www.dbjr.com.cn/article/88315.htm)
  # - memoryview(obj) # 內(nèi)存視圖,詳解 數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu) 文章(http://www.dbjr.com.cn/article/128892.htm)

  dics = dict() # 創(chuàng)建字典
  tups = divmod(10, 5) # 返回元組,(商(10/5),余數(shù)(10%5))
  lists = enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c']) # 返回枚舉對象
  lists = filter(lambda x: True if (ord(x) > 66) else False, ['a', 'b', 'c']) # function為Frue保留,False移除
  sets = frozenset([1, 2, 3]) # 返回新的frozenset對象(集合)
  num = len([1, 2, 3]) # 長度
  lists = list((1, 'a')) # 轉(zhuǎn)為list類型
  tups = tuple([1, 2, 3]) # 轉(zhuǎn)為tuple元組類型
  ran = range(5) # 不可變序列
  ran = range(0,5)
  ran = range(0,5,2) # (起始,結(jié)束,增加量)
  sets = set([1,2,3]) # 返回set集合
  maps = map(lambda x, y: x*y, [1, 2, 3], [65, 66, 67, 68]) # 返回一個迭代器,元素通過自定義函數(shù)篩選,可接收多個iterable參數(shù) => [65, 132, 201]
  iters = zip(["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], [1, 2, 3]) # 創(chuàng)建新的迭代器, 聚合每個迭代器元素 => [('A', 1), ('B', 2), ('C', 3)]
  iters = iter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) # 返回一個迭代器對象
  elem = next(iters) # 從迭代器中獲取下個元素; 實現(xiàn)原理見 內(nèi)置函數(shù) 文章 lis 塊代碼(http://www.dbjr.com.cn/article/128890.htm)
  iters = reversed([1,2,3]) # 返回反向的遍歷器 => [3, 2, 1]
  lists = [1,2,3,4,5][slice(3)] # 切片 => [1, 2, 3]
  lists = [1,2,3,4,5][slice(1,3)] # [slice(3) == slice(None, 3, None) / slice(1,3) == slice(1, 3, None) / slice(1,3,1) == slice(1, 3, 1)
  lists = sorted([2,5,3,1,4]) # 排序 => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  lists = sorted(['a','B',';','t','D','1'], key = lambda x : ord(x), reverse = True) # key:比較鍵的函數(shù), reverse是否反向遍歷


  strs = input("請輸入數(shù)據(jù):") # 輸入數(shù)據(jù)
  f = open("temp.txt", "r+") # 打開文件,詳情見os文章
  print("字符串%d"%123) # 打印字符 => 字符串123
  print("字","符", "串", sep="-") # sep為分隔 => 字-符-串
  print("字","符", "串", sep="-", end="\r\n") # end為尾部 => 字-符-串/r/n
  print("字","符", "串", sep="-", end="\r\n", file=open("temp.txt","w+")) # 打印到文件


class Clazz:
  def __init__(self, name):
    self.name = name;

  @classmethod # 將函數(shù)包裝成類方法
  def setName_cls(cls, name):
    pass

  @staticmethod # 將函數(shù)包裝成靜態(tài)方法
  def setName_sta(name):
    pass

  def getname(self):
    return self.name
  def setname(self, value):
    self.name = value
  def delname(self):
    del self.name

  # property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None) # 返回一個property 屬性
  # property 為屬性方法, 有兩種實現(xiàn)方式,詳情見 類 文章的 屬性方法代碼塊(http://www.dbjr.com.cn/article/68235.htm) 
  x = property(getname, setname, delname)

 

if __name__ == "__main__":
  fun()

  # property 的使用
  c = Clazz("柳巖")
  print(c.x) # => 柳巖
  c.x = '湯唯'
  print(c.getname()) # => 湯唯
  del c.x