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Python Numpy 數(shù)組的初始化和基本操作

 更新時間:2018年03月13日 11:07:53   作者:Baoli1008  
Python 是一種高級的,動態(tài)的,多泛型的編程語言。接下來通過本文給大家介紹Python Numpy 數(shù)組的初始化和基本操作,感興趣的朋友一起看看吧

Python 是一種高級的,動態(tài)的,多泛型的編程語言。Python代碼很多時候看起來就像是偽代碼一樣,因此你可以使用很少的幾行可讀性很高的代碼來實現(xiàn)一個非常強大的想法。

一.基礎:

Numpy的主要數(shù)據(jù)類型是ndarray,即多維數(shù)組。它有以下幾個屬性:

ndarray.ndim:數(shù)組的維數(shù)
ndarray.shape:數(shù)組每一維的大小
ndarray.size:數(shù)組中全部元素的數(shù)量
ndarray.dtype:數(shù)組中元素的類型(numpy.int32, numpy.int16, and numpy.float64等)
ndarray.itemsize:每個元素占幾個字節(jié)

例子:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> a = np.arange(15).reshape(3, 5)
>>> a
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
    [ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
    [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]])
>>> a.shape
(3, 5)
>>> a.ndim
2
>>> a.dtype.name
'int64'
>>> a.itemsize
8
>>> a.size
15
>>> type(a)
<type 'numpy.ndarray'>
>>> b = np.array([6, 7, 8])
>>> b
array([6, 7, 8])
>>> type(b)
<type 'numpy.ndarray'>

二.創(chuàng)建數(shù)組:

使用array函數(shù)講tuple和list轉為array:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> a = np.array([2,3,4])
>>> a
array([2, 3, 4])
>>> a.dtype
dtype('int64')
>>> b = np.array([1.2, 3.5, 5.1])
>>> b.dtype
dtype('float64')

多維數(shù)組:

>>> b = np.array([(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)])
>>> b
array([[ 1.5, 2. , 3. ],
    [ 4. , 5. , 6. ]])

生成數(shù)組的同時指定類型:

>>> c = np.array( [ [1,2], [3,4] ], dtype=complex )
>>> c
array([[ 1.+0.j, 2.+0.j],
    [ 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j]])

生成數(shù)組并賦為特殊值:

ones:全1
zeros:全0
empty:隨機數(shù),取決于內存情況

>>> np.zeros( (3,4) )
array([[ 0., 0., 0., 0.],
    [ 0., 0., 0., 0.],
    [ 0., 0., 0., 0.]])
>>> np.ones( (2,3,4), dtype=np.int16 )        # dtype can also be specified
array([[[ 1, 1, 1, 1],
    [ 1, 1, 1, 1],
    [ 1, 1, 1, 1]],
    [[ 1, 1, 1, 1],
    [ 1, 1, 1, 1],
    [ 1, 1, 1, 1]]], dtype=int16)
>>> np.empty( (2,3) )                 # uninitialized, output may vary
array([[ 3.73603959e-262,  6.02658058e-154,  6.55490914e-260],
    [ 5.30498948e-313,  3.14673309e-307,  1.00000000e+000]])

生成均勻分布的array:

arange(最小值,最大值,步長)(左閉右開)
linspace(最小值,最大值,元素數(shù)量)

>>> np.arange( 10, 30, 5 )
array([10, 15, 20, 25])
>>> np.arange( 0, 2, 0.3 )         # it accepts float arguments
array([ 0. , 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8])
>>> np.linspace( 0, 2, 9 )         # 9 numbers from 0 to 2
array([ 0. , 0.25, 0.5 , 0.75, 1. , 1.25, 1.5 , 1.75, 2. ])
>>> x = np.linspace( 0, 2*pi, 100 )    # useful to evaluate function at lots of points

三.基本運算:

整個array按順序參與運算:

>>> a = np.array( [20,30,40,50] )
>>> b = np.arange( 4 )
>>> b
array([0, 1, 2, 3])
>>> c = a-b
>>> c
array([20, 29, 38, 47])
>>> b**2
array([0, 1, 4, 9])
>>> 10*np.sin(a)
array([ 9.12945251, -9.88031624, 7.4511316 , -2.62374854])
>>> a<35
array([ True, True, False, False], dtype=bool)

兩個二維使用*符號仍然是按位置一對一相乘,如果想表示矩陣乘法,使用dot:

>>> A = np.array( [[1,1],
...       [0,1]] )
>>> B = np.array( [[2,0],
...       [3,4]] )
>>> A*B             # elementwise product
array([[2, 0],
    [0, 4]])
>>> A.dot(B)          # matrix product
array([[5, 4],
    [3, 4]])
>>> np.dot(A, B)        # another matrix product
array([[5, 4],
    [3, 4]])

內置函數(shù)(min,max,sum),同時可以使用axis指定對哪一維進行操作:

>>> b = np.arange(12).reshape(3,4)
>>> b
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
    [ 4, 5, 6, 7],
    [ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>>
>>> b.sum(axis=0)              # sum of each column
array([12, 15, 18, 21])
>>>
>>> b.min(axis=1)              # min of each row
array([0, 4, 8])
>>>
>>> b.cumsum(axis=1)             # cumulative sum along each row
array([[ 0, 1, 3, 6],
    [ 4, 9, 15, 22],
    [ 8, 17, 27, 38]])

Numpy同時提供很多全局函數(shù)

>>> B = np.arange(3)
>>> B
array([0, 1, 2])
>>> np.exp(B)
array([ 1.    , 2.71828183, 7.3890561 ])
>>> np.sqrt(B)
array([ 0.    , 1.    , 1.41421356])
>>> C = np.array([2., -1., 4.])
>>> np.add(B, C)
array([ 2., 0., 6.])

四.尋址,索引和遍歷:

一維數(shù)組的遍歷語法和python list類似:

>>> a = np.arange(10)**3
>>> a
array([ 0,  1,  8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729])
>>> a[2]
8
>>> a[2:5]
array([ 8, 27, 64])
>>> a[:6:2] = -1000  # equivalent to a[0:6:2] = -1000; from start to position 6, exclusive, set every 2nd element to -1000
>>> a
array([-1000,   1, -1000,  27, -1000,  125,  216,  343,  512,  729])
>>> a[ : :-1]                 # reversed a
array([ 729,  512,  343,  216,  125, -1000,  27, -1000,   1, -1000])
>>> for i in a:
...   print(i**(1/3.))
...
nan
1.0
nan
3.0
nan
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0

多維數(shù)組的訪問通過給每一維指定一個索引,順序是先高維再低維:

>>> def f(x,y):
...   return 10*x+y
...
>>> b = np.fromfunction(f,(5,4),dtype=int)
>>> b
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
    [10, 11, 12, 13],
    [20, 21, 22, 23],
    [30, 31, 32, 33],
    [40, 41, 42, 43]])
>>> b[2,3]
23
>>> b[0:5, 1]            # each row in the second column of b
array([ 1, 11, 21, 31, 41])
>>> b[ : ,1]            # equivalent to the previous example
array([ 1, 11, 21, 31, 41])
>>> b[1:3, : ]           # each column in the second and third row of b
array([[10, 11, 12, 13],
    [20, 21, 22, 23]])
When fewer indices are provided than the number of axes, the missing indices are considered complete slices:

>>>
>>> b[-1]                 # the last row. Equivalent to b[-1,:]
array([40, 41, 42, 43])

…符號表示將所有未指定索引的維度均賦為 : ,:在python中表示該維所有元素:

>>> c = np.array( [[[ 0, 1, 2],        # a 3D array (two stacked 2D arrays)
...         [ 10, 12, 13]],
...        [[100,101,102],
...         [110,112,113]]])
>>> c.shape
(2, 2, 3)
>>> c[1,...]                  # same as c[1,:,:] or c[1]
array([[100, 101, 102],
    [110, 112, 113]])
>>> c[...,2]                  # same as c[:,:,2]
array([[ 2, 13],
    [102, 113]])

遍歷:

如果只想遍歷整個array可以直接使用:

>>> for row in b:
...   print(row)
...
[0 1 2 3]
[10 11 12 13]
[20 21 22 23]
[30 31 32 33]
[40 41 42 43]

但是如果要對每個元素進行操作,就要使用flat屬性,這是一個遍歷整個數(shù)組的迭代器

>>> for element in b.flat:
...   print(element)
...

總結

以上所述是小編給大家介紹的Python Numpy 數(shù)組的初始化和基本操作,希望對大家有所幫助,如果大家有任何疑問請給我留言,小編會及時回復大家的。在此也非常感謝大家對腳本之家網(wǎng)站的支持!

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