python爬蟲之xpath的基本使用詳解
一、簡介
XPath 是一門在 XML 文檔中查找信息的語言。XPath 可用來在 XML 文檔中對元素和屬性進行遍歷。XPath 是 W3C XSLT 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的主要元素,并且 XQuery 和 XPointer 都構(gòu)建于 XPath 表達(dá)之上。
二、安裝
pip3 install lxml
三、使用
1、導(dǎo)入
from lxml import etree
2、基本使用
from lxml import etree wb_data = """ <div> <ul> <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li> <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></li> <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >third item</a></li> <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fourth item</a></li> <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fifth item</a> </ul> </div> """ html = etree.HTML(wb_data) print(html) result = etree.tostring(html) print(result.decode("utf-8"))
從下面的結(jié)果來看,我們打印機html其實就是一個python對象,etree.tostring(html)則是不全里html的基本寫法,補全了缺胳膊少腿的標(biāo)簽。
<Element html at 0x39e58f0> <html><body><div> <ul> <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li> <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></li> <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >third item</a></li> <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fourth item</a></li> <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fifth item</a> </li></ul> </div> </body></html>
3、獲取某個標(biāo)簽的內(nèi)容(基本使用),注意,獲取a標(biāo)簽的所有內(nèi)容,a后面就不用再加正斜杠,否則報錯。
寫法一
html = etree.HTML(wb_data) html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a') print(html) for i in html_data: print(i.text) <Element html at 0x12fe4b8> first item second item third item fourth item fifth item
寫法二(直接在需要查找內(nèi)容的標(biāo)簽后面加一個/text()就行)
html = etree.HTML(wb_data) html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a/text()') print(html) for i in html_data: print(i) <Element html at 0x138e4b8> first item second item third item fourth item fifth item
4、打開讀取html文件
#使用parse打開html的文件 html = etree.parse('test.html') html_data = html.xpath('//*')<br>#打印是一個列表,需要遍歷 print(html_data) for i in html_data: print(i.text)
html = etree.parse('test.html') html_data = etree.tostring(html,pretty_print=True) res = html_data.decode('utf-8') print(res) 打?。? <div> <ul> <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li> <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></li> <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >third item</a></li> <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fourth item</a></li> <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fifth item</a></li> </ul> </div>
5、打印指定路徑下a標(biāo)簽的屬性(可以通過遍歷拿到某個屬性的值,查找標(biāo)簽的內(nèi)容)
html = etree.HTML(wb_data) html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a/@href') for i in html_data: print(i)
打?。?/p>
link1.html
link2.html
link3.html
link4.html
link5.html
6、我們知道我們使用xpath拿到得都是一個個的ElementTree對象,所以如果需要查找內(nèi)容的話,還需要遍歷拿到數(shù)據(jù)的列表。
查到絕對路徑下a標(biāo)簽屬性等于link2.html的內(nèi)容。
html = etree.HTML(wb_data) html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a[@href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ]/text()') print(html_data) for i in html_data: print(i)
打?。?/p>
['second item']
second item
7、上面我們找到全部都是絕對路徑(每一個都是從根開始查找),下面我們查找相對路徑,例如,查找所有l(wèi)i標(biāo)簽下的a標(biāo)簽內(nèi)容。
html = etree.HTML(wb_data) html_data = html.xpath('//li/a/text()') print(html_data) for i in html_data: print(i)
打?。?/p>
['first item', 'second item', 'third item', 'fourth item', 'fifth item']
first item
second item
third item
fourth item
fifth item
8、上面我們使用絕對路徑,查找了所有a標(biāo)簽的屬性等于href屬性值,利用的是/---絕對路徑,下面我們使用相對路徑,查找一下l相對路徑下li標(biāo)簽下的a標(biāo)簽下的href屬性的值,注意,a標(biāo)簽后面需要雙//。
html = etree.HTML(wb_data) html_data = html.xpath('//li/a//@href') print(html_data) for i in html_data: print(i)
打印:
['link1.html', 'link2.html', 'link3.html', 'link4.html', 'link5.html']
link1.html
link2.html
link3.html
link4.html
link5.html
9、相對路徑下跟絕對路徑下查特定屬性的方法類似,也可以說相同。
html = etree.HTML(wb_data) html_data = html.xpath('//li/a[@href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ]') print(html_data) for i in html_data: print(i.text)
打?。?/p>
[<Element a at 0x216e468>]
second item
10、查找最后一個li標(biāo)簽里的a標(biāo)簽的href屬性
html = etree.HTML(wb_data) html_data = html.xpath('//li[last()]/a/text()') print(html_data) for i in html_data: print(i)
打?。?/p>
['fifth item']
fifth item
11、查找倒數(shù)第二個li標(biāo)簽里的a標(biāo)簽的href屬性
html = etree.HTML(wb_data) html_data = html.xpath('//li[last()-1]/a/text()') print(html_data) for i in html_data: print(i)
打?。?/p>
['fourth item']
fourth item
12、如果在提取某個頁面的某個標(biāo)簽的xpath路徑的話,可以如下圖:
//*[@id="kw"]
解釋:使用相對路徑查找所有的標(biāo)簽,屬性id等于kw的標(biāo)簽。
常用
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from scrapy.selector import Selector, HtmlXPathSelector from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse html = """<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <ul> <li class="item-"><a id='i1' href="link.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li> <li class="item-0"><a id='i2' href="llink.html" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li> <li class="item-1"><a href="llink2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item<span>vv</span></a></li> </ul> <div><a href="llink2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></div> </body> </html> """ response = HtmlResponse(url='http://example.com', body=html,encoding='utf-8') # hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response) # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[2]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id="i1"]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@href="link.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ][@id="i1"]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[contains(@href, "link")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[starts-with(@href, "link")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/text()').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/@href').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('/html/body/ul/li/a/@href').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li/a/@href').extract_first() # print(hxs) # ul_list = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li') # for item in ul_list: # v = item.xpath('./a/span') # # 或 # # v = item.xpath('a/span') # # 或 # # v = item.xpath('*/a/span') # print(v)
以上就是本文的全部內(nèi)容,希望對大家的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助,也希望大家多多支持腳本之家。
相關(guān)文章
教你用一行Python代碼實現(xiàn)并行任務(wù)(附代碼)
這篇文章主要介紹了教你用一行Python代碼實現(xiàn)并行任務(wù)(附代碼),小編覺得挺不錯的,現(xiàn)在分享給大家,也給大家做個參考。一起跟隨小編過來看看吧2018-02-02如何利用Playwright庫進行電影網(wǎng)站數(shù)據(jù)的獲取
playwright庫是微軟開源的一個庫,這個庫的功能更加的強大,除了可以實現(xiàn)同步操作,同樣也可以實現(xiàn)異步的操作,這篇文章主要介紹了如何利用Playwright庫進行電影網(wǎng)站數(shù)據(jù)的獲取,需要的朋友可以參考下2023-05-05僅用50行Python代碼實現(xiàn)一個簡單的代理服務(wù)器
這篇文章主要介紹了僅用50行Python代碼實現(xiàn)一個簡單的代理服務(wù)器,利用最簡單的client->proxy->forward原理在socket模塊下編寫,需要的朋友可以參考下2015-04-04利用Python實現(xiàn)顏色色值轉(zhuǎn)換的小工具
最近一個朋友說已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)用Zeplin很久了。Zeplin的設(shè)計稿展示頁面的顏色色值使用十進制的 RGB 表示的,在 Android 中的顏色表示大多情況下都需要十六進制的 RGB 表示。所以想寫個工作,當(dāng)輸入十進制的RGB ,得到十六進制的色值,最好可以方便復(fù)制。下面來一起看看吧。2016-10-10python 爬蟲之selenium可視化爬蟲的實現(xiàn)
這篇文章主要介紹了python 爬蟲之selenium可視化爬蟲的實現(xiàn),文中通過示例代碼介紹的非常詳細(xì),對大家的學(xué)習(xí)或者工作具有一定的參考學(xué)習(xí)價值,需要的朋友們下面隨著小編來一起學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧2020-12-12keras的ImageDataGenerator和flow()的用法說明
這篇文章主要介紹了keras的ImageDataGenerator和flow()的用法說明,具有很好的參考價值,希望對大家有所幫助。一起跟隨小編過來看看吧2020-07-07