# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
"""
abs()      dict()     help()     min()      setattr()
all()      dir()      hex()      next()     slice()
any()      divmod()    id()      object()    sorted()
ascii()     enumerate()   input()     oct()      staticmethod()
bin()      eval()     int()      open()     str()
bool()     exec()     isinstance()  ord()      sum()
bytearray()   filter()    issubclass()  pow()      super()
bytes()     float()     iter()     print()     tuple()
callable()   format()    len()      property()   type()
chr()      frozenset()   list()     range()     vars()
classmethod()  getattr()    locals()    repr()     zip()
compile()    globals()    map()      reversed()   __import__()
complex()    hasattr()    max()      round()
delattr()    hash()     memoryview()  set()
"""
from collections import Iterator,Iterable
# abs(x)
# 求絕對(duì)值
print(abs(-1),abs(1))
# all(iterable)
# 如果iterable的所有元素都為真,則返回True(iterable為空,返回True)
print(all([1,'a',[2]])) # True
print(all([0,'a',[]])) # False
print(all(''))     # True
# any(iterable)
# 只要iterable中有一個(gè)元素為真,則返回True(iterable為空,返回False)
print(any([1,[],'']))    # True
print(any([0,0.0,'',[],{},set()]))  # False
print(any([]))       # False
# ascii(s)
# 只在Python3中支持,用于在不支持Unicode的平臺(tái)查看Unicode字符串
# 就像repr()那樣,創(chuàng)建對(duì)象的可打印形式,但在結(jié)果中只是用ascii字符,非ascii字符都轉(zhuǎn)換為合適的轉(zhuǎn)義序列。
print(ascii('hello你好'))
# 'hello\u4f60\u597d'
# repr(obj)
# 將其它類型數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為字符串,支持大部分內(nèi)置數(shù)據(jù)類型
print(repr(123))      # 123
print(repr('hello 你好'))  # 'hello 你好'
print(repr([1,2,3]))    # [1, 2, 3]
print(repr({'a':1}))    # {'a': 1}
print(repr(object()))    # <object object at 0x7f4e9de470a0>
# str(value='', encoding=None, errors='strict')
# 轉(zhuǎn)換為字符串
print(str())    # ''
print(str(666))   # 666
print(str(6.66))  # 6.66
print(str(b'666')) # b'666'
# bin(x)
# 返回一個(gè)字符串,其中包含整數(shù)x的二進(jìn)制形式 0b1010
print(bin(0),bin(1),bin(10))
# 0b0 0b1 0b1010
# class bool([x])
# 是class,返回True或False
print(bool(),bool(0),bool(1),bool(''),bool('abc'),bool([]),bool([1]),bool(False),bool(True))
# False False True False True False True False True
# class bytearray(source=None, encoding=None, errors='strict')
# 返回一個(gè)字節(jié)數(shù)組,字符范圍[0,255]
print(bytearray("hello 你好","utf-8"))
# bytearray(b'hello \xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd')
# bytes(value=b'', encoding=None, errors='strict')
# 返回字節(jié)類型,字符范圍[0,255]
print(bytes("hello 你好","utf-8"))
# b'hello \xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd'
# callable(o)
# 返回True或者False,判斷一個(gè)給定對(duì)象 o 是否是可調(diào)用對(duì)象
print(callable(1),callable(''),callable(str))
# False False True
# chr(x)
# 返回Unicode編碼表中整數(shù)x對(duì)應(yīng)的字符
print(chr(65),chr(20001))
# A 両
# ord()
# 返回單個(gè)字符在Unicode碼表中對(duì)應(yīng)的整數(shù)編碼
print(ord('A'),ord('李'),ord('永'),ord('平')) # 65 26446 27704 24179
# @classmethod()
# 將一個(gè)普通函數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為類方法,等價(jià)于@classmethond裝飾器
class A():
  def func01(*args):
    print('classmethod()',*args)
  classmethod(func01)
  @classmethod
  def func02(clz,*args):
    print('@classmethond',*args)
A.func01()
A.func02()
# 輸出
# classmethod()
# @classmethond
# @staticmethod
# 將一個(gè)普通函數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為靜態(tài)方法
class A():
  def func01(*args):
    print('staticmethod()',*args)
  staticmethod(func01)
  @staticmethod
  def func02(*args):
    print('@staticmethod',*args)
A.func01()
A.func02()
# 輸出
# staticmethod()
# @staticmethod
# compile(source, filename, mode, flags=0, dont_inherit=False, optimize=-1)
# 將字符串格式的源代碼,編譯為可以被exec()或eval()函數(shù)執(zhí)行的代碼code對(duì)象
# source:一個(gè)Python模塊或多個(gè)代碼塊,或者是單一代碼塊,或者是一個(gè)表達(dá)式
# filename:運(yùn)行時(shí)錯(cuò)誤消息提示
# mode:與source對(duì)應(yīng),模塊或多個(gè)代碼塊--"exec",單一代碼塊--"single",表達(dá)式--"eval"
statements="""
print('-'*50)
num=3
while num:
  print("hello")
  num-=1
print('-'*50)"""
filename="run-time error"
codes=compile(source=statements,filename=filename,mode="exec")
print(type(codes))
# eval(codes)
exec(codes)
# 輸出
# <class 'code'>
# --------------------------------------------------
# hello
# hello
# hello
# --------------------------------------------------
# eval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)
# 運(yùn)行Python表達(dá)式字符串或者是經(jīng)過compile()編譯后生成的code對(duì)象
# obj可以是字符串對(duì)象或者已經(jīng)由compile編譯過的代碼對(duì)象,
# globals和locals是可選的,分別代表了全局和局部名稱空間中的對(duì)象,其中g(shù)lobals必須是字典,而locals是任意的映射對(duì)象
print(eval("2**3"))   # 8
print(eval("type({'key':'value'})"))  # <class 'dict'>
# exec(object[, globals[, locals]])
# 運(yùn)行Python代碼字符串或者是經(jīng)過compile()編譯后生成的code對(duì)象
statements="""
num=1
if num<3:
  print("1<3")"""
exec(statements)  # 1<3
exec('print("exec")')  # exec
# class complex(real, imag=None)
# 返回復(fù)數(shù)
c=complex(1,2)
print(c,c.real,c.imag)
c=complex('1+2j')
# c=complex('1 +2j')  # 報(bào)錯(cuò)ValueError,字符串中不能包含空格
# c=complex('1+2i')  # 報(bào)錯(cuò)ValueError,復(fù)數(shù)虛部必須使用英文字母 j 表示
print(c,c.real,c.imag)
# 輸出
# (1+2j) 1.0 2.0
# (1+2j) 1.0 2.0
# delattr(obj,attr)
# 等價(jià)于 del obj.attr
# 刪除對(duì)象obj的attr屬性
class A:
  attr_01=1
  attr_02=2
print(A.attr_01)
delattr(A,'attr_01')
# print(A.attr_01)  # AttributeError: type object 'A' has no attribute 'attr_01'
print(A.attr_02)
del A.attr_02
# print(A.attr_02)  # AttributeError: type object 'A' has no attribute 'attr_02'
# class dict(**kwarg)
# class dict(mapping, **kwarg)
# class dict(iterable, **kwarg)
# 返回一個(gè)字典對(duì)象
print(dict())  # {}
print(dict(a=2,b=1))  # {'b': 1, 'a': 2}
print(dict([('a',1),('b',2),('c',3)])) # {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
print(dict({'a':'A','b':'B'})) # {'a': 'A', 'b': 'B'}
# dir(obj)
# 參數(shù)為空,返回當(dāng)前作用域中的屬性和方法列表
# 參數(shù)不為空,返回參數(shù)對(duì)象obj的作用域中的屬性和方法列表
# 參數(shù)不為空,且該參數(shù)對(duì)象所屬類中重載了 __dir__(self) 運(yùn)算符,則返回 __dir__(self)的返回值
print(dir())
print(dir(int))
print(dir(dict))
class B():
  def __dir__(self):
    return ['哼','哈']
  def func(self):
    pass
b=B()
print(dir(b))  # ['哈', '哼']
# divmod(a,b)
# 等價(jià)于 (a//b,a%b)
# 返回長(zhǎng)除法的商與余數(shù)組成的元組
print(divmod(10,3),(10//3,10%3))
print(divmod(10,3.0),(10//3.0,10%3.0))
print(divmod(10.0,3),(10.0//3,10.0%3))
# (3, 1) (3, 1)
# (3.0, 1.0) (3.0, 1.0)
# (3.0, 1.0) (3.0, 1.0)
# enumerate(i,start=0)
# 根據(jù)給定iterable,返回枚舉類型對(duì)象,是iterator類型
print(list(enumerate('abc',start=1)))
for item in enumerate('123',start=0):
  print(item)
# 輸出
# [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]
# (0, 'a')
# (1, 'b')
# (2, 'c')
# filter(function, iterable)
# 過濾序列中的值
# filter函數(shù)將序列iterable中的每一個(gè)元素傳入函數(shù)function中,如果返回值為真,則添加到結(jié)果集中;否則,過濾掉
# 如果function為None,則將iterable中值為True的元素添加到結(jié)果集中
data=[-1,0,1,2,3,False]
res=filter(lambda x:x>=0,data)
print(res)   # <filter object at 0x7f97fe23f7b8>
print(list(res))  # [0, 1, 2, 3, False]
res=filter(None,data)
print(list(res))  # [-1, 1, 2, 3]
# class float([x])
# 生成浮點(diǎn)數(shù),x為數(shù)字或者字符串
# inf:無(wú)窮
print(float(),float(1),float('1'),float('+1.23'),float('+1E6'),float('-Infinity'),float('  -12345\n'))
# 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.23 1000000.0 -inf -12345.0
# format(value, [format_spec])
# 格式化顯示value的值,類型為str
# 如果format_spec為空,則等效于str(value)
print(format(123)) # 123
print(format(True)) # True
print(format({'a':1,'b':2}))  # {'a':1,'b':2}
print(format(123,'b')) # 格式化為2進(jìn)制 1111011
print(format(123,'o')) # 格式化為8進(jìn)制 173
print(format(123,'d')) # 格式化為10進(jìn)制 123
print(format(123,'x')) # 格式化為16進(jìn)制,使用小寫字母顯示 7b
print(format(123,'X')) # 格式化為16進(jìn)制,使用大寫在木顯示 7B
print(format(123456789.123456789,'e'))   # 科學(xué)計(jì)數(shù)法,默認(rèn)保留6位小數(shù) 1.234568e+08
print(format(123456789.123456789,'0.2e'))  # 科學(xué)計(jì)數(shù)法,保留2位小數(shù) 1.23e+08
print(format(123456789.123456789,'E'))   # 科學(xué)計(jì)數(shù)法,1.234568E+08
print(format(123456789.123456789,'0.2E'))  # 科學(xué)計(jì)數(shù)法,1.23E+08
print(format(123456789.123456789,'f'))   # 小數(shù)點(diǎn)計(jì)數(shù)法,默認(rèn)保留6位小數(shù),123456789.123457
print(format(123456789.123456789,'0.2f'))  # 小數(shù)點(diǎn)計(jì)數(shù)法,保留2位小數(shù),123456789.12
print(format(1.0e+1000,'F'),format(-1.0e+1000,'F')) # 小數(shù)點(diǎn)計(jì)數(shù)法,無(wú)窮大轉(zhuǎn)換為字母 INF,-INF
# class set([iterable])
# 獲取一個(gè)set實(shí)例對(duì)象,可變,元素不重復(fù)
print(set())   # set()
print(set('123')) # {'2', '3', '1'}
# class frozenset([iterable])
# 返回一個(gè)frozenset實(shí)例對(duì)象,不可變,元素不重復(fù)
print(frozenset())   # frozenset()
print(frozenset('123')) # frozenset({'2', '3', '1'})
# getattr(object, name[, default])
# 返回object的name屬性值,name必須是str類型
# 如果不存在name屬性,設(shè)置了default返回default值,否則,拋出異常AttributeError
class A(object):
  attr_01='value_01'
print(getattr(A,'attr_01'))
print(getattr(A,'attr_02','value_02'))
# print(getattr(A,'attr_03')) # AttributeError: type object 'A' has no attribute 'attr_03'
# hasattr(object, name)
# 判斷object是否擁有屬性name,返回True或False
print(hasattr(A,'attr_01')) # True
print(hasattr(A,'attr_02')) # False
# setattr(object, name, value)
# 給object設(shè)置屬性name,值為value
setattr(A,'attr_02','value_02')
print(hasattr(A,'attr_02')) # True
# globals()
# 返回屬于全局作用域的屬性或者方法的字典表
print(globals())
# locals()
# 返回屬于本地作用域的屬性和方法的字典表
print(locals())
def function():
  a,b=1,2
  print(locals())   # {'b': 2, 'a': 1}
function()
# vars(object)
# 返回任意對(duì)象的__dict__屬性,前提是存在該屬性
print(vars(int))
# hash(object)
# 返回object的哈希值,大小相等的數(shù)字,哈希值一定相同
print(hash(1),hash(1.0))
print(hash(A),hash(A()))
print(hash(int),hash(hash))
# help([object])
# 調(diào)用內(nèi)置的幫助系統(tǒng)
# object可以為空,module, function, class, method, keyword, or documentation topi
# help()
# import re
# help(re)
# help(hash)
# help('class')
# class int(x=0)
# class int(x, base=10)
# 將給定數(shù)據(jù)x從base進(jìn)制轉(zhuǎn)換為10進(jìn)制int
# x為數(shù)字或可轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字的字符串,base為數(shù)字x本來(lái)的進(jìn)制
print(int(255)) # 255
print(int('255'))  # 255
print(int('255',base=10))  # 255
print(int('255',base=8))  # 173
# oct(x)
# 將10進(jìn)制數(shù)x轉(zhuǎn)換為8進(jìn)制數(shù)
print(oct(255)) # 0o377
# hex(x)
# 將一個(gè)int類型的數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換為16進(jìn)制
print(hex(255),hex(0)) # 0xff 0x0
# id()
# 返回代表object身份的一個(gè)int數(shù)字,可以認(rèn)為C語(yǔ)言中"對(duì)象的內(nèi)存地址"
print(id(0))
print(id(id))
# input([prompt])
# 接收用戶的輸入并返回字符串
# value=input('--->')
# print(value)
# print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)
# *args:任意多個(gè)字符串
# sep:字符串之間的分割符,默認(rèn)為空格
# end:結(jié)束符號(hào),默認(rèn)為換行 \n
print('a','b','c',sep='$',end='\n\n')
# isinstance(object, classinfo)
# 判斷object是否是classinfo的一個(gè)實(shí)例
class A():pass
print(isinstance(1,int))  # True
print(isinstance(A(),A))  # True
# issubclass(class, classinfo)
# 判斷class是否是classinfo的一個(gè)子類
class A():pass
class B(A):pass
print(issubclass(B,A)) # True
# iter(object[, sentinel])
# 將一個(gè)可迭代對(duì)象轉(zhuǎn)換為迭代器Iterator
i=iter('abc')
print(type(i))
# next(iterator[, default])
# 返回迭代器的下一個(gè)元素
# 如果沒有下一個(gè),返回default參數(shù),如果沒有default,拋出StopIteration異常
print(next(i),next(i),next(i))
# print(next(i)) # StopIteration
print(next(i,'沒有更多元素了'))
# len(iterable)
# 返回iterable的元素個(gè)數(shù)
print(len('abc'))  # 3
print(len([1,2,3])) # 3
print(len((1,2,3))) # 3
print(len({'a':1})) # 1
print(len({1,2,3})) # 3
# class list([iterable])
# 實(shí)例化一個(gè)list對(duì)象
print(list())
print(list('abcd'))
print(list(range(5)))
# map(function, iterable, ...)
# 在序列中映射函數(shù)：map函數(shù)會(huì)對(duì)一個(gè)序列對(duì)象中的每一個(gè)元素應(yīng)用被傳入的函數(shù)，并返回一個(gè)包含所有函數(shù)調(diào)用結(jié)果的映射集合
# res=map(lambda x:x,[1,2,3])
res=map(lambda x,y:x+y,[1,2,3],[4,5,6])
print(type(res))
print(list(res))
# max()
# 返回給定序列中的最大值
print(max(1,2))   # 2
print(max([1,2]))  # 2
print(max({'a':2,'b':1})) # b
print(max({'a','b'}))   # b
# min()
# 返回給定序列中的最小值
print(min(1,2))   # 1
print(min([1,2]))  # 1
print(min({'a':2,'b':1})) # a
print(min({'a','b'}))   # a
# memoryview(object)
# 什么鬼?內(nèi)存視圖?C中的指針?
view=memoryview(b'abcd')
print(view[0]) # 97
# class object
# 返回一個(gè)object
print(object) #<class 'object'>
print(object()) # <object object at 0x7fc4731ef0c0>
# open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)
# 打開一個(gè)文件對(duì)象
# pow(x,y,[z])
# 2個(gè)參數(shù)時(shí),等效于x**y
# 3個(gè)參數(shù)時(shí),等效于x**y%z
print(pow(10,3))  # 1000
print(pow(10,3,3)) # 1
# class property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)
# 不懂?
# range([start,]stop[,sep])
# 生成數(shù)字列表
r=range(5)
print(type(r),isinstance(r,Iterator))  # <class 'range'> False
for i in range(1,10,2):
  print(i,end=' ')    # 1 3 5 7 9
print('\n')
# reversed(seq)
# 翻轉(zhuǎn)序列seq,返回Iterator
i=reversed(['a','b','c'])
print(i)
print(next(i),next(i),next(i),next(i,'沒有了'))
# round(number[, ndigits])
# 四舍五入
# ndigits為保留小數(shù)點(diǎn)位數(shù),默認(rèn)為0
print(round(16),round(16.18),round(8.88),round(-8.88))     # 16 16 9 -9
print(round(16,1),round(16.18,1),round(8.88,1),round(-8.88,1)) # 16 16.2 8.9 -8.9
# class slice(stop)¶
# class slice(start, stop[, step])
# 返回一個(gè)切片slice對(duì)象,表示步距,可用于切片操作,實(shí)際上對(duì)可迭代對(duì)象的切片操作就是調(diào)用了slice方法
print(slice(5))   # slice(None, 5, None)
print(slice(1,5))  # slice(1, 5, None)
print(slice(1,5,2)) # slice(1, 5, 2)
seq='abcdefghj'
print(seq[slice(5)])  # abcde
print(seq[slice(1,5,2)])# bd
# sorted(iterable, *, key=None, reverse=False)
# 對(duì)可迭代對(duì)象進(jìn)行排序
# key為函數(shù),依次作用于每個(gè)元素
# reverse為是否倒序排序
print(sorted('872Aadbc',key=None,reverse=True))
# ['d', 'c', 'b', 'a', 'A', '8', '7', '2']
print(sorted('872Aadbc',key=lambda x :str.lower(x),reverse=True))
# ['d', 'c', 'b', 'A', 'a', '8', '7', '2']
# sum(iterable[, start])
# 求和：iterable中各元素之和,加上第二個(gè)參數(shù)start的值
# 第二個(gè)參數(shù)start默認(rèn)為0
print(sum([1,2,3]))
print(sum([1,2,3],10))
# super([type[, object-or-type]])
# 調(diào)用父類中的方法
class A(object):
  def methond(self):
    print('----A----')
class B(A):
  def methond(self):
    super(B,self).methond()
    # 等價(jià)于
    # super().methond()
    print('----B----')
B.methond(B())
# tuple([iterable])
# 返回一個(gè)元祖對(duì)象,不可變的list
print(tuple(['L','O','V','E','E']))
# type(obj)
# 返回obj的數(shù)據(jù)類型
print(type(0))
print(type(''))
print(type([]))
print(type((0,)))
print(type({}))
# zip()
# 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)迭代器,結(jié)果為倆個(gè)Iterable中各元素從開始位置開始的映射關(guān)系
# 如果2個(gè)Iterable中的元素個(gè)數(shù)不同,則舍棄比較多的元素
ziped=zip('abcd','1234')
print(isinstance(ziped,Iterator))  # True
print(list(ziped)) # [('a', 'A'), ('b', 'B'), ('c', 'C'), ('d', 'D')]
ziped=zip('abc','1234')
print(list(ziped))   # [('a', '1'), ('b', '2'), ('c', '3')]
ziped=zip('abcd','123')
print(list(ziped))   # [('a', '1'), ('b', '2'), ('c', '3')]
print(list(zip('abc'))) # [('a',), ('b',), ('c',)]
print(list(zip('abc',''))) # []
# __import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0)
# 不常用的高級(jí)函數(shù)
# import importlib
# importlib.import_module('module_name')