def main():
 str1 = 'hello, world!'
 # 通過(guò)len函數(shù)計(jì)算字符串的長(zhǎng)度
 print(len(str1)) # 13
 # 獲得字符串首字母大寫的拷貝
 print(str1.capitalize()) # Hello, world!
 # 獲得字符串變大寫后的拷貝
 print(str1.upper()) # HELLO, WORLD!
 # 從字符串中查找子串所在位置
 print(str1.find('or')) # 8
 print(str1.find('shit')) # -1
 # 與find類似但找不到子串時(shí)會(huì)引發(fā)異常
 # print(str1.index('or'))
 # print(str1.index('shit'))
 # 檢查字符串是否以指定的字符串開(kāi)頭
 print(str1.startswith('He')) # False
 print(str1.startswith('hel')) # True
 # 檢查字符串是否以指定的字符串結(jié)尾
 print(str1.endswith('!')) # True
 # 將字符串以指定的寬度居中并在兩側(cè)填充指定的字符
 print(str1.center(50, '*'))
 # 將字符串以指定的寬度靠右放置左側(cè)填充指定的字符
 print(str1.rjust(50, ' '))
 str2 = 'abc123456'
 # 從字符串中取出指定位置的字符(下標(biāo)運(yùn)算)
 print(str2[2]) # c
 # 字符串切片(從指定的開(kāi)始索引到指定的結(jié)束索引)
 print(str2[2:5]) # c12
 print(str2[2:]) # c123456
 print(str2[2::2]) # c246
 print(str2[::2]) # ac246
 print(str2[::-1]) # 654321cba
 print(str2[-3:-1]) # 45
 # 檢查字符串是否由數(shù)字構(gòu)成
 print(str2.isdigit()) # False
 # 檢查字符串是否以字母構(gòu)成
 print(str2.isalpha()) # False
 # 檢查字符串是否以數(shù)字和字母構(gòu)成
 print(str2.isalnum()) # True
 str3 = ' jackfrued@126.com '
 print(str3)
 # 獲得字符串修剪左右兩側(cè)空格的拷貝
 print(str3.strip())


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

def main():
 list1 = [1, 3, 5, 7, 100]
 print(list1)
 list2 = ['hello'] * 5
 print(list2)
 # 計(jì)算列表長(zhǎng)度(元素個(gè)數(shù))
 print(len(list1))
 # 下標(biāo)(索引)運(yùn)算
 print(list1[0])
 print(list1[4])
 # print(list1[5]) # IndexError: list index out of range
 print(list1[-1])
 print(list1[-3])
 list1[2] = 300
 print(list1)
 # 添加元素
 list1.append(200)
 list1.insert(1, 400)
 list1 += [1000, 2000]
 print(list1)
 print(len(list1))
 # 刪除元素
 list1.remove(3)
 if 1234 in list1:
  list1.remove(1234)
 del list1[0]
 print(list1)
 # 清空列表元素
 list1.clear()
 print(list1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

def main():
 fruits = ['grape', 'apple', 'strawberry', 'waxberry']
	fruits += ['pitaya', 'pear', 'mango']
	# 循環(huán)遍歷列表元素
 for fruit in fruits:
  print(fruit.title(), end=' ')
 print()
 # 列表切片
 fruits2 = fruits[1:4]
 print(fruits2)
 # fruit3 = fruits # 沒(méi)有復(fù)制列表只創(chuàng)建了新的引用
 # 可以通過(guò)完整切片操作來(lái)復(fù)制列表
 fruits3 = fruits[:]
 print(fruits3)
 fruits4 = fruits[-3:-1]
 print(fruits4)
 # 可以通過(guò)反向切片操作來(lái)獲得倒轉(zhuǎn)后的列表的拷貝
 fruits5 = fruits[::-1]
 print(fruits5)


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

def main():
 list1 = ['orange', 'apple', 'zoo', 'internationalization', 'blueberry']
 list2 = sorted(list1)
 # sorted函數(shù)返回列表排序后的拷貝不會(huì)修改傳入的列表
 # 函數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)就應(yīng)該像sorted函數(shù)一樣盡可能不產(chǎn)生副作用
 list3 = sorted(list1, reverse=True)
 # 通過(guò)key關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)指定根據(jù)字符串長(zhǎng)度進(jìn)行排序而不是默認(rèn)的字母表順序
 list4 = sorted(list1, key=len)
 print(list1)
 print(list2)
 print(list3)
 print(list4)
 # 給列表對(duì)象發(fā)出排序消息直接在列表對(duì)象上進(jìn)行排序
 list1.sort(reverse=True)
 print(list1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

import sys


def main():
 f = [x for x in range(1, 10)]
 print(f)
 f = [x + y for x in 'ABCDE' for y in '1234567']
 print(f)
 # 用列表的生成表達(dá)式語(yǔ)法創(chuàng)建列表容器
 # 用這種語(yǔ)法創(chuàng)建列表之后元素已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備就緒所以需要耗費(fèi)較多的內(nèi)存空間
 f = [x ** 2 for x in range(1, 1000)]
 print(sys.getsizeof(f)) # 查看對(duì)象占用內(nèi)存的字節(jié)數(shù)
 print(f)
 # 請(qǐng)注意下面的代碼創(chuàng)建的不是一個(gè)列表而是一個(gè)生成器對(duì)象
 # 通過(guò)生成器可以獲取到數(shù)據(jù)但它不占用額外的空間存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)
 # 每次需要數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)候就通過(guò)內(nèi)部的運(yùn)算得到數(shù)據(jù)(需要花費(fèi)額外的時(shí)間)
 f = (x ** 2 for x in range(1, 1000))
 print(sys.getsizeof(f)) # 相比生成式生成器不占用存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的空間
 print(f)
 for val in f:
  print(val)


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

def fib(n):
 a, b = 0, 1
 for _ in range(n):
  a, b = b, a + b
  yield a


def main():
 for val in fib(20):
  print(val)


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

def main():
 # 定義元組
 t = ('駱昊', 38, True, '四川成都')
 print(t)
 # 獲取元組中的元素
 print(t[0])
 print(t[3])
 # 遍歷元組中的值
 for member in t:
  print(member)
 # 重新給元組賦值
 # t[0] = '王大錘' # TypeError
 # 變量t重新引用了新的元組原來(lái)的元組將被垃圾回收
 t = ('王大錘', 20, True, '云南昆明')
 print(t)
 # 將元組轉(zhuǎn)換成列表
 person = list(t)
 print(person)
 # 列表是可以修改它的元素的
 person[0] = '李小龍'
 person[1] = 25
 print(person)
 # 將列表轉(zhuǎn)換成元組
 fruits_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']
 fruits_tuple = tuple(fruits_list)
 print(fruits_tuple)


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

def main():
 set1 = {1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2}
 print(set1)
 print('Length =', len(set1))
 set2 = set(range(1, 10))
 print(set2)
 set1.add(4)
 set1.add(5)
 set2.update([11, 12])
 print(set1)
 print(set2)
 set2.discard(5)
 # remove的元素如果不存在會(huì)引發(fā)KeyError
 if 4 in set2:
  set2.remove(4)
 print(set2)
 # 遍歷集合容器
 for elem in set2:
  print(elem ** 2, end=' ')
 print()
 # 將元組轉(zhuǎn)換成集合
 set3 = set((1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1))
 print(set3.pop())
 print(set3)
 # 集合的交集、并集、差集、對(duì)稱差運(yùn)算
 print(set1 & set2)
 # print(set1.intersection(set2))
 print(set1 | set2)
 # print(set1.union(set2))
 print(set1 - set2)
 # print(set1.difference(set2))
 print(set1 ^ set2)
 # print(set1.symmetric_difference(set2))
 # 判斷子集和超集
 print(set2 <= set1)
 # print(set2.issubset(set1))
 print(set3 <= set1)
 # print(set3.issubset(set1))
 print(set1 >= set2)
 # print(set1.issuperset(set2))
 print(set1 >= set3)
 # print(set1.issuperset(set3))


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

def main():
 scores = {'駱昊': 95, '白元芳': 78, '狄仁杰': 82}
 # 通過(guò)鍵可以獲取字典中對(duì)應(yīng)的值
 print(scores['駱昊'])
 print(scores['狄仁杰'])
 # 對(duì)字典進(jìn)行遍歷(遍歷的其實(shí)是鍵再通過(guò)鍵取對(duì)應(yīng)的值)
 for elem in scores:
  print('%s\t--->\t%d' % (elem, scores[elem]))
 # 更新字典中的元素
 scores['白元芳'] = 65
 scores['諸葛王朗'] = 71
 scores.update(冷面=67, 方啟鶴=85)
 print(scores)
 if '武則天' in scores:
  print(scores['武則天'])
 print(scores.get('武則天'))
 # get方法也是通過(guò)鍵獲取對(duì)應(yīng)的值但是可以設(shè)置默認(rèn)值
 print(scores.get('武則天', 60))
 # 刪除字典中的元素
 print(scores.popitem())
 print(scores.popitem())
 print(scores.pop('駱昊', 100))
 # 清空字典
 scores.clear()
 print(scores)


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

import os
import time


def main():
 content = '北京歡迎你為你開(kāi)天辟地…………'
 while True:
  # 清理屏幕上的輸出
  os.system('cls') # os.system('clear')
  print(content)
  # 休眠200毫秒
  time.sleep(0.2)
  content = content[1:] + content[0]


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

import random


def generate_code(code_len=4):
 """
 生成指定長(zhǎng)度的驗(yàn)證碼

 :param code_len: 驗(yàn)證碼的長(zhǎng)度(默認(rèn)4個(gè)字符)

 :return: 由大小寫英文字母和數(shù)字構(gòu)成的隨機(jī)驗(yàn)證碼
 """
 all_chars = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
 last_pos = len(all_chars) - 1
 code = ''
 for _ in range(code_len):
  index = random.randint(0, last_pos)
  code += all_chars[index]
 return code

def get_suffix(filename, has_dot=False):
 """
 獲取文件名的后綴名

 :param filename: 文件名
 :param has_dot: 返回的后綴名是否需要帶點(diǎn)
 :return: 文件的后綴名
 """
 pos = filename.rfind('.')
 if 0 < pos < len(filename) - 1:
  index = pos if has_dot else pos + 1
  return filename[index:]
 else:
  return ''

def max2(x):
 m1, m2 = (x[0], x[1]) if x[0] > x[1] else (x[1], x[0])
 for index in range(2, len(x)):
  if x[index] > m1:
   m2 = m1
   m1 = x[index]
  elif x[index] > m2:
   m2 = x[index]
 return m1, m2

def is_leap_year(year):
 """
 判斷指定的年份是不是閏年

 :param year: 年份
 :return: 閏年返回True平年返回False
 """
 return year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0


def which_day(year, month, date):
 """
 計(jì)算傳入的日期是這一年的第幾天

 :param year: 年
 :param month: 月
 :param date: 日
 :return: 第幾天
 """
 days_of_month = [
  [31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31],
  [31, 29, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31]
 ][is_leap_year(year)]
 total = 0
 for index in range(month - 1):
  total += days_of_month[index]
 return total + date


def main():
 print(which_day(1980, 11, 28))
 print(which_day(1981, 12, 31))
 print(which_day(2018, 1, 1))
 print(which_day(2016, 3, 1))


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

def main():
 num = int(input('Number of rows: '))
 yh = [[]] * num
 for row in range(len(yh)):
  yh[row] = [None] * (row + 1)
  for col in range(len(yh[row])):
   if col == 0 or col == row:
    yh[row][col] = 1
   else:
    yh[row][col] = yh[row - 1][col] + yh[row - 1][col - 1]
   print(yh[row][col], end='\t')
  print()


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

from random import randrange, randint, sample


def display(balls):
 """
 輸出列表中的雙色球號(hào)碼
 """
 for index, ball in enumerate(balls):
  if index == len(balls) - 1:
   print('|', end=' ')
  print('%02d' % ball, end=' ')
 print()


def random_select():
 """
 隨機(jī)選擇一組號(hào)碼
 """
 red_balls = [x for x in range(1, 34)]
 selected_balls = []
 selected_balls = sample(red_balls, 6)
 selected_balls.sort()
 selected_balls.append(randint(1, 16))
 return selected_balls


def main():
 n = int(input('機(jī)選幾注: '))
 for _ in range(n):
  display(random_select())


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

"""
《幸運(yùn)的基督徒》
有15個(gè)基督徒和15個(gè)非基督徒在海上遇險(xiǎn)，為了能讓一部分人活下來(lái)不得不將其中15個(gè)人扔到海里面去，有個(gè)人想了個(gè)辦法就是大家圍成一個(gè)圈，由某個(gè)人開(kāi)始從1報(bào)數(shù)，報(bào)到9的人就扔到海里面，他后面的人接著從1開(kāi)始報(bào)數(shù)，報(bào)到9的人繼續(xù)扔到海里面，直到扔掉15個(gè)人。由于上帝的保佑，15個(gè)基督徒都幸免于難，問(wèn)這些人最開(kāi)始是怎么站的，哪些位置是基督徒哪些位置是非基督徒。
"""


def main():
 persons = [True] * 30
 counter, index, number = 0, 0, 0
 while counter < 15:
  if persons[index]:
   number += 1
   if number == 9:
    persons[index] = False
    counter += 1
    number = 0
  index += 1
  index %= 30
 for person in persons:
  print('基' if person else '非', end='')


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()

import os


def print_board(board):
 print(board['TL'] + '|' + board['TM'] + '|' + board['TR'])
 print('-+-+-')
 print(board['ML'] + '|' + board['MM'] + '|' + board['MR'])
 print('-+-+-')
 print(board['BL'] + '|' + board['BM'] + '|' + board['BR'])


def main():
 init_board = {
  'TL': ' ', 'TM': ' ', 'TR': ' ',
  'ML': ' ', 'MM': ' ', 'MR': ' ',
  'BL': ' ', 'BM': ' ', 'BR': ' '
 }
 begin = True
 while begin:
  curr_board = init_board.copy()
  begin = False
  turn = 'x'
  counter = 0
  os.system('clear')
  print_board(curr_board)
  while counter < 9:
   move = input('輪到%s走棋, 請(qǐng)輸入位置: ' % turn)
   if curr_board[move] == ' ':
    counter += 1
    curr_board[move] = turn
    if turn == 'x':
     turn = 'o'
    else:
     turn = 'x'
   os.system('clear')
   print_board(curr_board)
  choice = input('再玩一局?(yes|no)')
  begin = choice == 'yes'


if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()