Python 使用指定的網(wǎng)卡發(fā)送HTTP請求的實(shí)例

更新時(shí)間：2019年08月21日 15:36:57 作者：zhipeng-python

今天小編就為大家分享一篇Python 使用指定的網(wǎng)卡發(fā)送HTTP請求的實(shí)例，具有很好的參考價(jià)值，希望對大家有所幫助。一起跟隨小編過來看看吧

需求: 一臺機(jī)器上有多個(gè)網(wǎng)卡, 如何訪問指定的 URL 時(shí)使用指定的網(wǎng)卡發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)呢?

$ curl --interface eth0 www.baidu.com # curl interface 可以指定網(wǎng)卡

閱讀 urllib.py 的源碼, 追述到 open_http –> httplib.HTTP –> httplib.HTTP._connection_class = HTTPConnection

HTTPConnection 在創(chuàng)建的時(shí)候會指定一個(gè) source_address.

HTTPConnection.connect 時(shí)調(diào)用 HTTPConnection._create_connection = socket.create_connection

# 先看一下本地網(wǎng)卡信息
$ ifconfig
lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384
  options=3<RXCSUM,TXCSUM>
  inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 
  inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 
  inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 
  nd6 options=1<PERFORMNUD>
en0: flags=8863<UP,BROADCAST,SMART,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
  ether c8:e0:eb:17:3a:73 
  inet6 fe80::cae0:ebff:fe17:3a73%en0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4 
  inet 192.168.20.2 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.20.255
  nd6 options=1<PERFORMNUD>
  media: autoselect
  status: active
en1: flags=8863<UP,BROADCAST,SMART,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
  options=4<VLAN_MTU>
  ether 0c:5b:8f:27:9a:64 
  inet6 fe80::e5b:8fff:fe27:9a64%en8 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0xa 
  inet 192.168.8.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.8.255
  nd6 options=1<PERFORMNUD>
  media: autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>)
  status: active

可以看到en0和en1, 這兩塊網(wǎng)卡都可以訪問公網(wǎng). lo0是本地回環(huán).

直接修改 socket.py 做測試.

def create_connection(address, timeout=_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
           source_address=None):
  """If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
  for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
  An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
  source_address 如果設(shè)置, 必須是傳遞元組 (host, port), 默認(rèn)是 ("", 0) 
  """

  host, port = address
  err = None
  for res in getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, SOCK_STREAM):
    af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
    sock = None
    try:
      sock = socket(af, socktype, proto)
      # sock.bind(("192.168.20.2", 0)) # en0
      # sock.bind(("192.168.8.100", 0)) # en1
      # sock.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0)) # lo0
      if timeout is not _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
        sock.settimeout(timeout)
      if source_address:
        print "socket bind source_address: %s" % source_address
        sock.bind(source_address)
      sock.connect(sa)
      return sock

    except error as _:
      err = _
      if sock is not None:
        sock.close()
  if err is not None:
    raise err
  else:
    raise error("getaddrinfo returns an empty list")

參考說明文檔, 直接分三次綁定不通網(wǎng)卡的 IP 地址, 端口設(shè)置為0.

# 測試 en0
$ python -c 'import urllib as u;print u.urlopen("http://ip.haschek.at").read()'
.148.245.16

# 測試 en1
$ python -c 'import urllib as u;print u.urlopen("http://ip.haschek.at").read()'
.94.115.227

# 測試 lo0
$ python -c 'import urllib as u;print u.urlopen("http://ip.haschek.at").read()'
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib.py", line 87, in urlopen
  return opener.open(url)
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib.py", line 213, in open
  return getattr(self, name)(url)
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib.py", line 350, in open_http
  h.endheaders(data)
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/httplib.py", line 1049, in endheaders
  self._send_output(message_body)
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/httplib.py", line 893, in _send_output
  self.send(msg)
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/httplib.py", line 855, in send
  self.connect()
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/httplib.py", line 832, in connect
  self.timeout, self.source_address)
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/socket.py", line 578, in create_connection
  raise err
IOError: [Errno socket error] [Errno 49] Can't assign requested address

測試通過, 說明在多網(wǎng)卡情況下, 創(chuàng)建 socket 時(shí)綁定某塊網(wǎng)卡的 IP 就可以, 端口需要設(shè)置為0. 如果端口不設(shè)置為0, 第二次請求時(shí), 可以看到拋異常, 端口被占用.

Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib.py", line 87, in urlopen
  return opener.open(url)
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib.py", line 213, in open
  return getattr(self, name)(url)
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib.py", line 350, in open_http
  h.endheaders(data)
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/httplib.py", line 1049, in endheaders
  self._send_output(message_body)
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/httplib.py", line 893, in _send_output
  self.send(msg)
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/httplib.py", line 855, in send
  self.connect()
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/httplib.py", line 832, in connect
  self.timeout, self.source_address)
 File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/socket.py", line 577, in create_connection
  raise err
IOError: [Errno socket error] [Errno 48] Address already in use

如果是在項(xiàng)目中, 只需要把 socket.create_connection 這個(gè)函數(shù)的形參 source_address 設(shè)置為對應(yīng)網(wǎng)卡的 (IP, 0) 就可以.

# test-interface_urllib.py
import socket
import urllib, urllib2

_create_socket = socket.create_connection

SOURCE_ADDRESS = ("127.0.0.1", 0)
#SOURCE_ADDRESS = ("172.28.153.121", 0)
#SOURCE_ADDRESS = ("172.16.30.41", 0)

def create_connection(*args, **kwargs):
  in_args = False
  if len(args) >=3:
    args = list(args)
    args[2] = SOURCE_ADDRESS
    args = tuple(args)
    in_args = True
  if not in_args:
    kwargs["source_address"] = SOURCE_ADDRESS
  print "args", args
  print "kwargs", str(kwargs)
  return _create_socket(*args, **kwargs)

socket.create_connection = create_connection

print urllib.urlopen("http://ip.haschek.at").read()

通過測試, 可以發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)可以通過制定的網(wǎng)卡發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù), 并且 IP 地址對應(yīng)網(wǎng)卡分配的 IP.

問題, 爬蟲經(jīng)常使用 requests, requests 是否支持呢. 通過測試, 可以發(fā)現(xiàn), requests 并沒有使用 python 內(nèi)置的 socket 模塊.

看源碼, requests 是如果創(chuàng)建的 socket 連接呢. 方法和查看 urllib 創(chuàng)建socket 的方式一樣. 具體就不寫了.

因?yàn)槲矣玫氖?python 2.7, 所以可以定位到 requests 使用的 socket 模塊是 urllib3.utils.connection 的.

修改方法和 urllib 相差不大.

import urllib3.connection
_create_socket = urllib3.connection.connection.create_connection
# pass

urllib3.connection.connection.create_connection = create_connection
# pass

運(yùn)行后, 可能會拋出異常. requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: Max retries exceeded with .. Invalid argument

這個(gè)異常不是每次出現(xiàn), 跟 IP 段有關(guān)系, 跳轉(zhuǎn)遞歸層數(shù)太多導(dǎo)致, 只需要將 kwargs 中的 socket_options去掉即可. 127.0.0.1肯定會出異常.

import socket
import urllib
import urllib2
import urllib3.connection

import requests as req

_default_create_socket = socket.create_connection
_urllib3_create_socket = urllib3.connection.connection.create_connection


SOURCE_ADDRESS = ("127.0.0.1", 0)
#SOURCE_ADDRESS = ("172.28.153.121", 0)
#SOURCE_ADDRESS = ("172.16.30.41", 0)

def default_create_connection(*args, **kwargs):
  try:
    del kwargs["socket_options"]
  except:
    pass
  in_args = False
  if len(args) >=3:
    args = list(args)
    args[2] = SOURCE_ADDRESS
    args = tuple(args)
    in_args = True
  if not in_args:
    kwargs["source_address"] = SOURCE_ADDRESS
  print "args", args
  print "kwargs", str(kwargs)
  return _default_create_socket(*args, **kwargs)

def urllib3_create_connection(*args, **kwargs):
  in_args = False
  if len(args) >=3:
    args = list(args)
    args[2] = SOURCE_ADDRESS
    in_args = True
    args = tuple(args)
  if not in_args:
    kwargs["source_address"] = SOURCE_ADDRESS
  print "args", args
  print "kwargs", str(kwargs)
  return _urllib3_create_socket(*args, **kwargs)

socket.create_connection = default_create_connection
# 因?yàn)榕紶枙鰡栴}, 所以使用默認(rèn)的 socket.create_connection
# urllib3.connection.connection.create_connection = urllib3_create_connection
urllib3.connection.connection.create_connection = default_create_connection

print " *** test requests: " + req.get("http://ip.haschek.at").content
print " *** test urllib: " + urllib.urlopen("http://ip.haschek.at").read()
print " *** test urllib2: " + urllib2.urlopen("http://ip.haschek.at").read()

注意: 使用 urllib3.utils.connection 好像不起作用

稍微再完善一下, 就是把根據(jù)網(wǎng)卡名自動獲取 IP.

import subprocess

def get_all_net_devices():
  sub = subprocess.Popen("ls /sys/class/net", shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
  sub.wait()
  net_devices = sub.stdout.read().strip().splitlines()
  # ['eth0', 'eth1', 'lo']
  # 這里簡單過濾一下網(wǎng)卡名字, 根據(jù)需求改動
  net_devices = [i for i in net_devices if "ppp" in i]
  return net_devices
ALL_DEVICES = get_all_net_devices()

def get_local_ip(device_name):
  sub = subprocess.Popen("/sbin/ifconfig en0 | grep '%s ' | awk '{print $2}'" % device_name, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
  sub.wait()
  ip = sub.stdout.read().strip()
  return ip

def random_local_ip():
  return get_local_ip(random.choice(ALL_DEVICES))

# code ...

只需要把 args[2] = SOURCE_ADDRESS 和 kwargs["source_address"] = SOURCE_ADDRESS改成 random_local_ip() 或者 get_local_ip("eth0")

至于有什么用途, 就全憑想象了.

以上這篇Python 使用指定的網(wǎng)卡發(fā)送HTTP請求的實(shí)例就是小編分享給大家的全部內(nèi)容了，希望能給大家一個(gè)參考，也希望大家多多支持腳本之家。

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