基于python制作簡易版學(xué)生信息管理系統(tǒng)
一、前言
本篇博客對于文件操作、字典、列表、匿名函數(shù)以及sort()等內(nèi)置函數(shù)進行了系統(tǒng)的整理操作,以設(shè)計一個學(xué)生信息管理系統(tǒng)的形式展示,具體概念方法等會在代碼后進行分析講述,請讀者仔細分析每一處解析,對于基礎(chǔ)鞏固將會有很大的幫助,其中還有每一塊代碼的設(shè)計思路圖,邏輯分析會有一定的提升。
二、需求分析
本程序需要用到os模板首先導(dǎo)入,并命名要存儲信息的文件
import os File_Object_Name = 'Student_Inforation.txt'
三、主函數(shù)
def Main(): while True: Menu() _Select = int(input('Please select operation:')) if _Select in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]: if _Select == 0: _Answer = input('Do you want to log out?(Y/N)') if _Answer == 'Y' or _Answer == 'y': print('Thank for you use!!!') break pass else: continue pass pass elif _Select == 1: Insert_Infor() pass elif _Select == 2: Search_Infor() pass elif _Select == 3: Delete_Infor() pass elif _Select == 4: Change_Infor() pass elif _Select == 5: Sort() pass elif _Select == 6: Count_Total_Num() pass elif _Select == 7: Show_Infor() pass pass else: print('Error Input!!!') pass
四、功能菜單
def Menu(): print('=========Student Information Management System=========') print('---------------------Function menu---------------------') print(' 1、Input Student Information') print(' 2、Search Student Information') print(' 3、Delete Student Information') print(' 4、Change Student Information') print(' 5、Sort According to Score') print(' 6、Count Total Student Number') print(' 7、Show All Student Information') print(' 0、Log Out') print('-------------------------------------------------------') pass
五、錄入信息
def Insert_Infor(): Student_Infor_List = [] # 創(chuàng)建一個學(xué)生信息空列表,后面會用到 while True: Stu_Id = input('Please input the id(such as 1001,1002):') if not Stu_Id: # 空的字符串轉(zhuǎn)為bool類型為False,非空為True,此處若是輸入為空會直接跳出循環(huán)。(空列表、字典、元組等都滿足) break pass Stu_Name = input('Please input the name:') if not Stu_Name: break pass try: English_Score = int(input('Please input the English score:')) Python_Score = int(input('Please input the Python score:')) Java_Score = int(input('Please input the Java score:')) pass except: print('Error Input(not int),please input again') continue pass # 將每個學(xué)生的信息放入一個字典當中 Student_Infor_Dict = {'Id': Stu_Id, 'Name': Stu_Name, 'English': English_Score, 'Python': Python_Score, 'Java': Java_Score} # 將一個字典作為一個元素放入學(xué)生信息列表 Student_Infor_List.append(Student_Infor_Dict) # 使用 append() 方法來添加列表項 _Answer = input('Whether to input more?(Y/N)') if _Answer == 'Y' or _Answer == 'y': continue pass else: break pass pass # 將學(xué)生信息列表中的字典元素保存到文件之中,調(diào)用Keep_Infor()函數(shù) Keep_Infor(Student_Infor_List) print('Input Finished') pass
六、保存信息
def Keep_Infor(List): File_Object = open(File_Object_Name, mode='a', encoding='utf-8') # 打開一個文件用于追加。如果該文件已存在,文件指針將會放在文件的結(jié)尾。也就是說,新的內(nèi)容將會被寫入到已有內(nèi)容之后。如果該文件不存在,創(chuàng)建新文件進行寫入。 for item in List: File_Object.write(str(item)+'\n') pass # 將傳入的列表中的字典元素強制轉(zhuǎn)換成字符串類型并拼接上換行符寫入文件 File_Object.close()
七、查找信息
def Search_Infor(): Student_Query = [] # 空列表,之后用于存放查找到的學(xué)生信息 while True: Student_Id = '' Student_Name = '' if os.path.exists(File_Object_Name): # os.path模塊主要用于文件的屬性獲取,os.path.exists()就是判斷括號里的文件是否存在,括號內(nèi)的可以是文件路徑/名。 Search_Mode = int(input('search by id(1) or by name(2):')) if Search_Mode == 1: Student_Id = input('Please input id:') pass elif Search_Mode == 2: Student_Name = input('Please input name:') pass else: print('Error Input,try again!') Search_Infor() pass with open(File_Object_Name, 'r', encoding='utf-8')as File_Object: # 只讀模式打開文件并將類對象賦給File_Object Student_List = File_Object.readlines() # readlines()按行讀取,一次性讀取所有內(nèi)容,返回一個列表,每一行內(nèi)容作為一個元素 for item in Student_List: # 遍歷列表中元素 _Dict = eval(item) # 由于是以字符串類型保存到文件中,此時item相當于'dict'形式,要將其用eval()函數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為字典,即脫掉''。 if Student_Id: # 如果選的是按照姓名查找,則此空字符串已經(jīng)不再為空,bool類型為True if Student_Id == _Dict['Id']: Student_Query.append(_Dict) pass pass elif Student_Name: if Student_Name == _Dict['Name']: Student_Query.append(_Dict) pass pass pass if Student_Query == []: # 仍為空說明未找到。 print('no such student,try again') Search_Infor() # 再次調(diào)用函數(shù) pass pass pass else: print('Still no such file to keep student information!') pass print(Student_Query[0]) # 此時該列表中只有一個字典元素,直接打印輸出 Student_Query.clear() # 調(diào)用內(nèi)置函數(shù)清空列表,方便下次使用 _Answer = input('Whether to search others?(Y/N)') if _Answer == 'Y' or _Answer == 'y': continue pass else: return pass pass
八、刪除信息
def Delete_Infor(): while True: Student_Id = input('Please input the student‘s id that you want to delete:') if Student_Id: if os.path.exists(File_Object_Name): with open(File_Object_Name, 'r', encoding='utf-8')as File1: Old_Student_Infor = File1.readlines() # 讀取每行作為元素放入Old_Student_Infor列表 pass pass else: Old_Student_Infor = [] pass Flag = False # 是否刪除成功的標志 if Old_Student_Infor: with open(File_Object_Name, 'w', encoding='utf-8')as File2: _Dict = {} for item in Old_Student_Infor: _Dict = eval(item) # 將刪除信息之前的列表元素轉(zhuǎn)化為字典形式賦給_Dict if _Dict['Id'] != Student_Id: File2.write(str(_Dict)+'\n') # 如果與要刪除的信息的Id不同,覆蓋寫入原文件 pass else: Flag = True # 如果相同的話,則不寫入文件中,相當于刪除成功 pass pass if Flag: print('Student information of {} has been delete'.format(Student_Id)) pass else: print('Can not find student of id:{}'.format(Student_Id)) pass pass pass else: print('file have no student information') break pass Show_Infor() _Answer = input('Whether to delete more?(Y/N)') pass if _Answer == 'Y' or _Answer == 'y': continue pass else: break pass pass pass
九、修改信息
def Change_Infor(): Show_Infor() if os.path.exists(File_Object_Name): with open(File_Object_Name, 'r', encoding='utf-8')as old_file: Old_Student_Infor = old_file.readlines() pass pass else: return Student_Id = input('Please input the id you wanna change:') if Student_Id: with open(File_Object_Name, 'w', encoding='utf-8')as new_file: for item in Old_Student_Infor: _dict = dict(eval(item)) if _dict['Id'] == Student_Id: print('Find it,can change it!') while True: try: _dict['Name'] = input('Please input new name:') _dict['English'] = input('Please input new English score:') _dict['Python'] = input('Please input new Python score:') _dict['Java'] = input('Please input new Java score:') pass except: print('Error Input!!!Try again') pass new_file.write(str(_dict)+'\n') print('Successfully change!') break pass pass else: print('Can‘t find it') new_file.write(str(_dict)+'\n') pass pass pass pass _Answer = input('Whether to change more?(Y/N)') if _Answer == 'y' or _Answer == 'Y': Change_Infor() pass else: return pass
十、顯示信息
def Show_Infor(): Infor_List = [] if os.path.exists(File_Object_Name): with open(File_Object_Name, 'r', encoding='utf-8')as File_Object: Stu_List = File_Object.readlines() for item1 in Stu_List: Infor_List.append(dict(eval(item1))) pass if Infor_List: for item2 in Infor_List: print(item2) pass pass else: print('no student') pass pass pass else: print('no such file') pass pass
十一、按成績排序
def Sort(): Show_Infor() Infor_List = [] if os.path.exists(File_Object_Name): with open(File_Object_Name, 'r', encoding='utf-8')as File_Object: Student_List = File_Object.readlines() for item in Student_List: _Dict = dict(eval(item)) Infor_List.append(_Dict) pass pass pass else: print('no such file') return Sort_Mode = bool(input('Please input sort mode(0、ascending order|1、descending order)')) if not Sort_Mode: # ascending order reverse_mode = True pass else: # descending order reverse_mode = False pass Specific_Sort_Mode = int(input('Sort by English(1),by Python(2),by Jave(3),by total(4):')) if Specific_Sort_Mode == 1: Infor_List.sort(key=lambda x: int(x['English']), reverse=reverse_mode) pass elif Specific_Sort_Mode == 2: Infor_List.sort(key=lambda x: int(x['Python']), reverse=reverse_mode) pass elif Specific_Sort_Mode == 3: Infor_List.sort(key=lambda x: int(x['Java']), reverse=reverse_mode) pass elif Specific_Sort_Mode == 4: Infor_List.sort(key=lambda x: int(x['English']) + int(x['Python']) + int(x['Java']), reverse=reverse_mode) pass else: print('Error Input,try again') Sort() pass for item in Infor_List: print(item) pass pass
- sort()函數(shù)原型: list.sort(key=None, reverse=False)
key參數(shù) :
key接受的是一個只有一個形參的函數(shù),形式如下
def f(a):
return len(a)
key接受的函數(shù)返回值,表示此元素的權(quán)值,sort將按照權(quán)值大小進行排序
reverse參數(shù) :
reverse接受的是一個bool類型的值 (Ture or False),表示是否顛倒排列順序,一般默認的是False
十二、統(tǒng)計人數(shù)
def Count_Total_Num(): if os.path.exists(File_Object_Name): with open(File_Object_Name, 'r', encoding='utf-8')as File_Object: Stu_List = File_Object.readlines() _Count = len(Stu_List) if _Count >= 2: print('A total of {} students') pass elif _Count ==1: print('A single student!') pass else: print('no student!') pass pass pass else: print('still no such file!') pass pass
十三、最后記得運行主函數(shù)
Main()
十四、將程序打包成可執(zhí)行exe文件
1.cmd進入command界面
2.輸入pip install PyInstaller
3.安裝完成后仍在cmd界面輸入pyinstaller -F py為擴展名的文件路徑\文件名.py
4.操作后將會有一大串代碼,倒數(shù)第二行會有最終文件的保存地址,打開之后將之前編譯程序生成的txt文件移入該文件夾中即可操作
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