Python接口自動化淺析requests請求封裝原理

更新時間：2021年08月24日 17:15:45 作者：軟件測試自動化測試

本文主要通過源碼分析，總結(jié)出一套簡潔的requests請求類封裝，幫助大家更好的由淺入深的理解python接口自動化，希望對大家的python接口自動化學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助

以下主要介紹如何封裝請求

還記得我們之前寫的get請求、post請求么？

大家應(yīng)該有體會，每個請求類型都寫成單獨的函數(shù)，代碼復(fù)用性不強。

接下來將請求類型都封裝起來，自動化用例都可以用這個封裝的請求類進行請求

將常用的get、post請求封裝起來

import requests
class RequestHandler:
    def get(self, url, **kwargs):
        """封裝get方法"""
        # 獲取請求參數(shù)
        params = kwargs.get("params")
        headers = kwargs.get("headers")
        try:
            result = requests.get(url, params=params, headers=headers)
            return result
        except Exception as e:
            print("get請求錯誤: %s" % e)
    def post(self, url, **kwargs):
        """封裝post方法"""
        # 獲取請求參數(shù)
        params = kwargs.get("params")
        data = kwargs.get("data")
        json = kwargs.get("json")
        try:
            result = requests.post(url, params=params, data=data, json=json)
            return result
        except Exception as e:
            print("post請求錯誤: %s" % e)
    def run_main(self, method, **kwargs):
        """
        判斷請求類型
        :param method: 請求接口類型
        :param kwargs: 選填參數(shù)
        :return: 接口返回內(nèi)容
        """
        if method == 'get':
            result = self.get(**kwargs)
            return result
        elif method == 'post':
            result = self.post(**kwargs)
            return result
        else:
            print('請求接口類型錯誤')
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 以下是測試代碼
    # get請求接口
    url = 'https://api.apiopen.top/getJoke?page=1&count=2&type=video'
    res = RequestHandler().get(url)
    # post請求接口
    url2 = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/login/'
    payload = {
        "username": "vivi",
        "password": "123456"
    }
    res2 = RequestHandler().post(url2,json=payload)
    print(res.json())
    print(res2.json())

請求結(jié)果如下：

'message': '成功!', 
'result': [{'sid': '31004305',
'text': '羊：師傅，理個發(fā)，稍微修一下就行', 
'type': 'video',
'thumbnail': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/picture/2020/0410/5e8fbf227c7f3_wpd.jpg', 
'video': 'http://uvideo.spriteapp.cn/video/2020/0410/5e8fbf227c7f3_wpd.mp4',
'images': None, 
'up': '95',
'down': '1', 
'forward': '0', 
'comment': '25', 
'uid': '23189193', 
'name': '青川小舟', 
'header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/large/2019/12/24/5e01934bb01b5_mini.jpg', 
'top_comments_content':None, 
'top_comments_voiceuri': None,
'top_comments_uid': None, 
'top_comments_name': None,
'top_comments_header': None, 
'passtime': '2020-04-12 01:43:02'},
{'sid': '30559863', 
'text': '機器人女友，除了不能生孩子，其他的啥都會，價格239000元',
'type': 'video', 
'thumbnail': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/picture/2020/0306/5e61a41172a1b_wpd.jpg',
'video': 'http://uvideo.spriteapp.cn/video/2020/0306/5e61a41172a1b_wpd.mp4', 
'images': None, 'up': '80', 'down': '6',
'forward': '3',
'comment': '20', 
'uid': '23131273', 
'name': '水到渠成',
'header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/large/2019/07/04/5d1d90349cd1a_mini.jpg', 
'top_comments_content': '為游戲做的秀', 
'top_comments_voiceuri': '',
'top_comments_uid': '10250040', 
'top_comments_name': '不得姐用戶', 
'top_comments_header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile',
'passtime': '2020-04-11 20:43:49'}]}
{'token': 'eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6InZpdmkiLCJleHAiOjE1ODY4NTc0MzcsImVtYWlsIjoidml2aUBxcS5jb20ifQ.k6y0dAfNU2o9Hd9LFfxEk1HKgczlQfUaKE-imPfTsm4', 
'user_id': 1,
 'username': 'vivi'}

這樣就完美了嗎，no,no,no。

以上代碼痛點如下：

代碼量大：只是封裝了get、post請求，加上其他請求類型，代碼量較大；

缺少會話管理：請求之間如何保持會話狀態(tài)。

我們再來回顧下get、post等請求源碼，看下是否有啥特點。

get請求源碼：

def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
    r"""Sends a GET request.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
        in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response
    """
    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
    return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)

post請求源碼：

def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
    r"""Sends a POST request.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response
    """
    return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)

仔細研究下，發(fā)現(xiàn)get、post請求返回的都是request函數(shù)。

再來研究下request源碼：

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
        in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
        to add for the file.
    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data
        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``.
    :type allow_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
            to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.
    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response
    Usage::
      >>> import requests
      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
      <Response [200]>
    """
    # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
    # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
    # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
    with sessions.Session() as session:
        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)

源碼看起來很長，其實只有三行，大部分是代碼注釋。

從源碼中可以看出，不管是get還是post亦或其他請求類型，最終都是調(diào)用request函數(shù)。

既然這樣，我們可以不像之前那樣，在類內(nèi)定義get方法、post方法，而是定義一個通用的方法

直接調(diào)用request函數(shù)

看起來有點繞，用代碼實現(xiàn)就清晰了。

import requests
class RequestHandler:
    def __init__(self):
        """session管理器"""
        self.session = requests.session()
    def visit(self, method, url, params=None, data=None, json=None, headers=None, **kwargs):
        return self.session.request(method,url, params=params, data=data, json=json, headers=headers,**kwargs)
    def close_session(self):
        """關(guān)閉session"""
        self.session.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 以下是測試代碼
    # post請求接口
    url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/login/'
    payload = {
        "username": "vivi",
        "password": "123456"
    }
    req = RequestHandler()
    login_res = req.visit("post", url, json=payload)
    print(login_res.text)

響應(yīng)結(jié)果：

{
    "token": "eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6InZpdmkiLCJleHAiOjE1ODY4Njk3ODQsImVtYWlsIjoidml2aUBxcS5jb20ifQ.OD4HIv8G0HZ_RCk-GTVAZ9ADRjwqr3o0E32CC_2JMLg",
    "user_id": 1,
    "username": "vivi"
}

這次請求封裝簡潔實用，當(dāng)然小伙伴們也可以根據(jù)自己的需求自行封裝。

以上就是Python接口自動化淺析requests請求封裝原理的詳細內(nèi)容，更多關(guān)于Python接口自動化requests請求封裝的資料請關(guān)注腳本之家其它相關(guān)文章！

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