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Python 非極大值抑制(NMS)的四種實(shí)現(xiàn)詳解

 更新時(shí)間:2021年11月17日 17:19:50   作者:三年一夢(mèng)  
本文主要介紹了非極大值抑制(Non-Maximum Suppression,NMS)的四種實(shí)現(xiàn)方式,不同方法對(duì)NMS速度的影響各不相同,感興趣的小伙伴可以了解一下

方法1:純python語言實(shí)現(xiàn):簡(jiǎn)介方便、速度慢

方法2:直接利用Cython模塊編譯

方法3:先將全部變量定義為靜態(tài)類型,再利用Cython模塊編譯

方法4:在方法3的基礎(chǔ)上再加入cuda加速模塊, 再利用Cython模塊編譯,即利用gpu加速

一.  幾點(diǎn)說明

1. 簡(jiǎn)單說明Cython:

Cython是一個(gè)快速生成Python擴(kuò)展模塊的工具,從語法層面上來講是Python語法和C語言語法的混血,當(dāng)Python性能遇到瓶頸時(shí),Cython直接將C的原生速度植入Python程序,這樣使Python程序無需使用C重寫,能快速整合原有的Python程序,這樣使得開發(fā)效率和執(zhí)行效率都有很大的提高,而這些中間的部分,都是Cython幫我們做了。

 2. 簡(jiǎn)單介紹NMS:

Faster-RCNN中有兩處使用NMS,第一處是訓(xùn)練+預(yù)測(cè)的時(shí)候,利用ProposalCreator來生成proposal的時(shí)候,因?yàn)橹恍枰徊糠謕roposal,所以利用NMS進(jìn)行篩選。第二處使用是預(yù)測(cè)的時(shí)候,當(dāng)?shù)玫?00個(gè)分類與坐標(biāo)偏移結(jié)果的時(shí)候,需要對(duì)每個(gè)類別逐一進(jìn)行非極大值抑制。也許有人問為什么對(duì)于每個(gè)類別不直接取置信度最高的那一個(gè)?因?yàn)橐粡垐D中某個(gè)類別可能不止一個(gè),例如一張圖中有多個(gè)人,直接取最高置信度的只能預(yù)測(cè)其中的一個(gè)人,而通過NMS理想情況下可以使得每個(gè)人(每類中的每個(gè)個(gè)體)都會(huì)有且僅有一個(gè)bbox框。

二.  四種方法實(shí)現(xiàn)

1. 純python實(shí)現(xiàn):nms_py.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Mon May  7 21:45:37 2018

@author: lps
"""
import numpy as np


boxes=np.array([[100,100,210,210,0.72],
        [250,250,420,420,0.8],
        [220,220,320,330,0.92],
        [100,100,210,210,0.72],
        [230,240,325,330,0.81],
        [220,230,315,340,0.9]]) 


def py_cpu_nms(dets, thresh):
    # dets:(m,5)  thresh:scaler
    
    x1 = dets[:,0]
    y1 = dets[:,1]
    x2 = dets[:,2]
    y2 = dets[:,3]
    
    areas = (y2-y1+1) * (x2-x1+1)
    scores = dets[:,4]
    keep = []
    
    index = scores.argsort()[::-1]
    
    while index.size >0:

        i = index[0]       # every time the first is the biggst, and add it directly
        keep.append(i)
        
        x11 = np.maximum(x1[i], x1[index[1:]])    # calculate the points of overlap 
        y11 = np.maximum(y1[i], y1[index[1:]])
        x22 = np.minimum(x2[i], x2[index[1:]])
        y22 = np.minimum(y2[i], y2[index[1:]])
        
        w = np.maximum(0, x22-x11+1)    # the weights of overlap
        h = np.maximum(0, y22-y11+1)    # the height of overlap
       
        overlaps = w*h
        
        ious = overlaps / (areas[i]+areas[index[1:]] - overlaps)
        
        idx = np.where(ious<=thresh)[0]
        
        index = index[idx+1]   # because index start from 1
        
    return keep
        

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def plot_bbox(dets, c='k'):
    
    x1 = dets[:,0]
    y1 = dets[:,1]
    x2 = dets[:,2]
    y2 = dets[:,3]
    
    
    plt.plot([x1,x2], [y1,y1], c)
    plt.plot([x1,x1], [y1,y2], c)
    plt.plot([x1,x2], [y2,y2], c)
    plt.plot([x2,x2], [y1,y2], c)
    plt.title("after nms")

plot_bbox(boxes,'k')   # before nms

keep = py_cpu_nms(boxes, thresh=0.7)
plot_bbox(boxes[keep], 'r')# after nms

結(jié)果大致這樣:

新建nms文件夾,將nms_py.py 和__init__.py(空)文件放在其內(nèi)成為包,可以調(diào)用。然后在nms文件夾外新建測(cè)試運(yùn)行時(shí)間腳本 test_num.py:

import numpy as np
import time
from nms.nums_py import py_cpu_nms  # for cpu
#from nms.gpu_nms import gpu_nms   # for gpu 


np.random.seed( 1 )   # keep fixed
num_rois = 6000
minxy = np.random.randint(50,145,size=(num_rois ,2))
maxxy = np.random.randint(150,200,size=(num_rois ,2))
score = 0.8*np.random.random_sample((num_rois ,1))+0.2

boxes_new = np.concatenate((minxy,maxxy,score), axis=1).astype(np.float32)

def nms_test_time(boxes_new):

    thresh = [0.7,0.8,0.9]
    T = 50
    for i in range(len(thresh)):
        since = time.time()
        for t in range(T):

            keep = py_cpu_nms(boxes_new, thresh=thresh[i])     # for cpu
#            keep = gpu_nms(boxes_new, thresh=thresh[i])       # for gpu
        print("thresh={:.1f}, time wastes:{:.4f}".format(thresh[i], (time.time()-since)/T))
    
    return keep


if __name__ =="__main__":
    nms_test_time(boxes_new)

測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)為6000個(gè)初始的rois,并設(shè)置nms閾值為0.7~0.9。閾值越大越慢,因?yàn)闈M足小于閾值的roi越多,需要循環(huán)的次數(shù)也越多。對(duì)每個(gè)閾值循環(huán)執(zhí)行NMS 50次求平均:

直接運(yùn)行得到運(yùn)行時(shí)間:

thresh=0.7, time wastes:0.0287
thresh=0.8, time wastes:0.1057
thresh=0.9, time wastes:0.4204

2.直接利用Cython模塊編譯:nms_py1.pyx

 首先復(fù)制一份nms_py.py并重命名為nms_py1.pyx,pyx即為Cython文件。然后在nms文件夾下新建setup1.py:

from distutils.core import setup
from Cython.Build import cythonize

setup(
      name = 'nms_module',
      ext_modules = cythonize('nums_py1.pyx'),
      )

下面開始生成動(dòng)態(tài)鏈接庫(kù):在終端執(zhí)行:

python3 setup1.py build

然后在當(dāng)前目錄會(huì)生成nums_py1.c,即C源代碼,然后在nms/build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.5下會(huì)生成nums_py1.cpython-35m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so這一動(dòng)態(tài)鏈接庫(kù),將其復(fù)制一份至nms文件夾下,則現(xiàn)在可以在測(cè)試腳本中進(jìn)行測(cè)試了:只需將測(cè)試腳本中的 from nms.nums_py import py_cpu_nms  改為 from nms.nums1_py import py_cpu_nms 即可。因?yàn)閜yx是不可以直接執(zhí)行的,只有build完成后才可以。

運(yùn)行測(cè)試腳本得到以下結(jié)果:

thresh=0.7, time wastes:0.0272
thresh=0.8, time wastes:0.1038
thresh=0.9, time wastes:0.4184

發(fā)現(xiàn)與純python速度相比僅有微小提升,下面再利用第3種方法。

3. 更改變量定義后再利用Cython模塊編譯:nms_py2.pyx

import numpy as np
cimport numpy as np
#
#boxes=np.array([[100,100,210,210,0.72],
#        [250,250,420,420,0.8],
#        [220,220,320,330,0.92],
#        [100,100,210,210,0.72],
#        [230,240,325,330,0.81],
#        [220,230,315,340,0.9]]) 
#


cdef inline np.float32_t max(np.float32_t a, np.float32_t b):
    return a if a >= b else b

cdef inline np.float32_t min(np.float32_t a, np.float32_t b):
    return a if a <= b else b

def py_cpu_nms(np.ndarray[np.float32_t,ndim=2] dets, np.float thresh):
    # dets:(m,5)  thresh:scaler
    
    cdef np.ndarray[np.float32_t, ndim=1] x1 = dets[:,0]
    cdef np.ndarray[np.float32_t, ndim=1] y1 = dets[:,1]
    cdef np.ndarray[np.float32_t, ndim=1] x2 = dets[:,2]
    cdef np.ndarray[np.float32_t, ndim=1] y2 = dets[:,3]
    cdef np.ndarray[np.float32_t, ndim=1] scores = dets[:, 4]
    
    cdef np.ndarray[np.float32_t, ndim=1] areas = (y2-y1+1) * (x2-x1+1)
    cdef np.ndarray[np.int_t, ndim=1]  index = scores.argsort()[::-1]    # can be rewriten
    keep = []
    
    cdef int ndets = dets.shape[0]
    cdef np.ndarray[np.int_t, ndim=1] suppressed = np.zeros(ndets, dtype=np.int)
    
    cdef int _i, _j
    
    cdef int i, j
    
    cdef np.float32_t ix1, iy1, ix2, iy2, iarea
    cdef np.float32_t w, h
    cdef np.float32_t overlap, ious
    
    j=0
    
    for _i in range(ndets):
        i = index[_i]
        
        if suppressed[i] == 1:
            continue
        keep.append(i)
        
        ix1 = x1[i]
        iy1 = y1[i]
        ix2 = x2[i]
        iy2 = y2[i]
        
        iarea = areas[i]
        
        for _j in range(_i+1, ndets):
            j = index[_j]
            if suppressed[j] == 1:
                continue
            xx1 = max(ix1, x1[j])
            yy1 = max(iy1, y1[j])
            xx2 = min(ix2, x2[j])
            yy2 = min(iy2, y2[j])
    
            w = max(0.0, xx2-xx1+1)
            h = max(0.0, yy2-yy1+1)
            
            overlap = w*h 
            ious = overlap / (iarea + areas[j] - overlap)
            if ious>thresh:
                suppressed[j] = 1
    
    return keep

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def plot_bbox(dets, c='k'):
    
    x1 = dets[:,0]
    y1 = dets[:,1]
    x2 = dets[:,2]
    y2 = dets[:,3]
    
    plt.plot([x1,x2], [y1,y1], c)
    plt.plot([x1,x1], [y1,y2], c)
    plt.plot([x1,x2], [y2,y2], c)
    plt.plot([x2,x2], [y1,y2], c)

其中變量靜態(tài)類型可以極大的提高效率,原因是參與計(jì)算的主要是變量,主要的變化是將變量利用cdef定義。

然后同上建立setup2.py:

from distutils.core import setup
from Cython.Build import cythonize

setup(
      name = 'nms_module',
      ext_modules = cythonize('nums_py2.pyx'),
      )

build后將動(dòng)態(tài)庫(kù).so拷貝到nms文件夾下,然后同上修改測(cè)試腳本,執(zhí)行測(cè)試腳本:

thresh=0.7, time wastes:0.0019
thresh=0.8, time wastes:0.0028
thresh=0.9, time wastes:0.0036

發(fā)現(xiàn)速度相較于純python分別提升了15倍、38倍、118倍!

4. 在方法3的基礎(chǔ)上利用GPU:gpu_nms.pyx

import numpy as np
cimport numpy as np

assert sizeof(int) == sizeof(np.int32_t)

cdef extern from "gpu_nms.hpp":
    void _nms(np.int32_t*, int*, np.float32_t*, int, int, float, int)

def gpu_nms(np.ndarray[np.float32_t, ndim=2] dets, np.float thresh,
            np.int32_t device_id=0):
    cdef int boxes_num = dets.shape[0]
    cdef int boxes_dim = dets.shape[1]
    cdef int num_out
    cdef np.ndarray[np.int32_t, ndim=1] \
        keep = np.zeros(boxes_num, dtype=np.int32)
    cdef np.ndarray[np.float32_t, ndim=1] \
        scores = dets[:, 4]
    cdef np.ndarray[np.int_t, ndim=1] \
        order = scores.argsort()[::-1]
    cdef np.ndarray[np.float32_t, ndim=2] \
        sorted_dets = dets[order, :]
    _nms(&keep[0], &num_out, &sorted_dets[0, 0], boxes_num, boxes_dim, thresh, device_id)
    keep = keep[:num_out]
    return list(order[keep])

再建立文件nms_gpu.hpp:

void _nms(int* keep_out, int* num_out, const float* boxes_host, int boxes_num,
          int boxes_dim, float nms_overlap_thresh, int device_id);

和nms_kernel.cu文件:

#include "gpu_nms.hpp"
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>

#define CUDA_CHECK(condition) \
  /* Code block avoids redefinition of cudaError_t error */ \
  do { \
    cudaError_t error = condition; \
    if (error != cudaSuccess) { \
      std::cout << cudaGetErrorString(error) << std::endl; \
    } \
  } while (0)

#define DIVUP(m,n) ((m) / (n) + ((m) % (n) > 0))
int const threadsPerBlock = sizeof(unsigned long long) * 8;

__device__ inline float devIoU(float const * const a, float const * const b) {
  float left = max(a[0], b[0]), right = min(a[2], b[2]);
  float top = max(a[1], b[1]), bottom = min(a[3], b[3]);
  float width = max(right - left + 1, 0.f), height = max(bottom - top + 1, 0.f);
  float interS = width * height;
  float Sa = (a[2] - a[0] + 1) * (a[3] - a[1] + 1);
  float Sb = (b[2] - b[0] + 1) * (b[3] - b[1] + 1);
  return interS / (Sa + Sb - interS);
}

__global__ void nms_kernel(const int n_boxes, const float nms_overlap_thresh,
                           const float *dev_boxes, unsigned long long *dev_mask) {
  const int row_start = blockIdx.y;
  const int col_start = blockIdx.x;

  // if (row_start > col_start) return;

  const int row_size =
        min(n_boxes - row_start * threadsPerBlock, threadsPerBlock);
  const int col_size =
        min(n_boxes - col_start * threadsPerBlock, threadsPerBlock);

  __shared__ float block_boxes[threadsPerBlock * 5];
  if (threadIdx.x < col_size) {
    block_boxes[threadIdx.x * 5 + 0] =
        dev_boxes[(threadsPerBlock * col_start + threadIdx.x) * 5 + 0];
    block_boxes[threadIdx.x * 5 + 1] =
        dev_boxes[(threadsPerBlock * col_start + threadIdx.x) * 5 + 1];
    block_boxes[threadIdx.x * 5 + 2] =
        dev_boxes[(threadsPerBlock * col_start + threadIdx.x) * 5 + 2];
    block_boxes[threadIdx.x * 5 + 3] =
        dev_boxes[(threadsPerBlock * col_start + threadIdx.x) * 5 + 3];
    block_boxes[threadIdx.x * 5 + 4] =
        dev_boxes[(threadsPerBlock * col_start + threadIdx.x) * 5 + 4];
  }
  __syncthreads();

  if (threadIdx.x < row_size) {
    const int cur_box_idx = threadsPerBlock * row_start + threadIdx.x;
    const float *cur_box = dev_boxes + cur_box_idx * 5;
    int i = 0;
    unsigned long long t = 0;
    int start = 0;
    if (row_start == col_start) {
      start = threadIdx.x + 1;
    }
    for (i = start; i < col_size; i++) {
      if (devIoU(cur_box, block_boxes + i * 5) > nms_overlap_thresh) {
        t |= 1ULL << i;
      }
    }
    const int col_blocks = DIVUP(n_boxes, threadsPerBlock);
    dev_mask[cur_box_idx * col_blocks + col_start] = t;
  }
}

void _set_device(int device_id) {
  int current_device;
  CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetDevice(&current_device));
  if (current_device == device_id) {
    return;
  }
  // The call to cudaSetDevice must come before any calls to Get, which
  // may perform initialization using the GPU.
  CUDA_CHECK(cudaSetDevice(device_id));
}

void _nms(int* keep_out, int* num_out, const float* boxes_host, int boxes_num,
          int boxes_dim, float nms_overlap_thresh, int device_id) {
  _set_device(device_id);

  float* boxes_dev = NULL;
  unsigned long long* mask_dev = NULL;

  const int col_blocks = DIVUP(boxes_num, threadsPerBlock);

  CUDA_CHECK(cudaMalloc(&boxes_dev,
                        boxes_num * boxes_dim * sizeof(float)));
  CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemcpy(boxes_dev,
                        boxes_host,
                        boxes_num * boxes_dim * sizeof(float),
                        cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));

  CUDA_CHECK(cudaMalloc(&mask_dev,
                        boxes_num * col_blocks * sizeof(unsigned long long)));

  dim3 blocks(DIVUP(boxes_num, threadsPerBlock),
              DIVUP(boxes_num, threadsPerBlock));
  dim3 threads(threadsPerBlock);
  nms_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(boxes_num,
                                  nms_overlap_thresh,
                                  boxes_dev,
                                  mask_dev);

  std::vector<unsigned long long> mask_host(boxes_num * col_blocks);
  CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemcpy(&mask_host[0],
                        mask_dev,
                        sizeof(unsigned long long) * boxes_num * col_blocks,
                        cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));

  std::vector<unsigned long long> remv(col_blocks);
  memset(&remv[0], 0, sizeof(unsigned long long) * col_blocks);

  int num_to_keep = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < boxes_num; i++) {
    int nblock = i / threadsPerBlock;
    int inblock = i % threadsPerBlock;

    if (!(remv[nblock] & (1ULL << inblock))) {
      keep_out[num_to_keep++] = i;
      unsigned long long *p = &mask_host[0] + i * col_blocks;
      for (int j = nblock; j < col_blocks; j++) {
        remv[j] |= p[j];
      }
    }
  }
  *num_out = num_to_keep;

  CUDA_CHECK(cudaFree(boxes_dev));
  CUDA_CHECK(cudaFree(mask_dev));
}

然后在nms文件夾外建立setup3.py:

from distutils.core import setup
from Cython.Build import cythonize
from distutils.extension import Extension
from Cython.Distutils import build_ext
import subprocess
import numpy as np
import os
from os.path import join as pjoin


def find_in_path(name, path):
    "Find a file in a search path"
    # Adapted fom
    # http://code.activestate.com/recipes/52224-find-a-file-given-a-search-path/
    for dir in path.split(os.pathsep):
        binpath = pjoin(dir, name)
        if os.path.exists(binpath):
            return os.path.abspath(binpath)
    return None

def locate_cuda():
    """Locate the CUDA environment on the system
    Returns a dict with keys 'home', 'nvcc', 'include', and 'lib64'
    and values giving the absolute path to each directory.
    Starts by looking for the CUDAHOME env variable. If not found, everything
    is based on finding 'nvcc' in the PATH.
    """

    # first check if the CUDAHOME env variable is in use
    if 'CUDAHOME' in os.environ:
        home = os.environ['CUDAHOME']
        nvcc = pjoin(home, 'bin', 'nvcc')
    else:
        # otherwise, search the PATH for NVCC
        default_path = pjoin(os.sep, 'usr', 'local', 'cuda', 'bin')
        nvcc = find_in_path('nvcc', os.environ['PATH'] + os.pathsep + default_path)
        if nvcc is None:
            raise EnvironmentError('The nvcc binary could not be '
                'located in your $PATH. Either add it to your path, or set $CUDAHOME')
        home = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(nvcc))

    cudaconfig = {'home':home, 'nvcc':nvcc,
                  'include': pjoin(home, 'include'),
                  'lib64': pjoin(home, 'lib64')}
    for k, v in cudaconfig.items():
        if not os.path.exists(v):
            raise EnvironmentError('The CUDA %s path could not be located in %s' % (k, v))

    return cudaconfig
CUDA = locate_cuda()

try:
    numpy_include = np.get_include()
except AttributeError:
    numpy_include = np.get_numpy_include()


def customize_compiler_for_nvcc(self):
    """inject deep into distutils to customize how the dispatch
    to gcc/nvcc works.
    If you subclass UnixCCompiler, it's not trivial to get your subclass
    injected in, and still have the right customizations (i.e.
    distutils.sysconfig.customize_compiler) run on it. So instead of going
    the OO route, I have this. Note, it's kindof like a wierd functional
    subclassing going on."""

    # tell the compiler it can processes .cu
    self.src_extensions.append('.cu')

    # save references to the default compiler_so and _comple methods
    default_compiler_so = self.compiler_so
    super = self._compile

    # now redefine the _compile method. This gets executed for each
    # object but distutils doesn't have the ability to change compilers
    # based on source extension: we add it.
    def _compile(obj, src, ext, cc_args, extra_postargs, pp_opts):
        if os.path.splitext(src)[1] == '.cu':
            # use the cuda for .cu files
            self.set_executable('compiler_so', CUDA['nvcc'])
            # use only a subset of the extra_postargs, which are 1-1 translated
            # from the extra_compile_args in the Extension class
            postargs = extra_postargs['nvcc']
        else:
            postargs = extra_postargs['gcc']

        super(obj, src, ext, cc_args, postargs, pp_opts)
        # reset the default compiler_so, which we might have changed for cuda
        self.compiler_so = default_compiler_so

    # inject our redefined _compile method into the class
    self._compile = _compile


# run the customize_compiler
class custom_build_ext(build_ext):
    def build_extensions(self):
        customize_compiler_for_nvcc(self.compiler)
        build_ext.build_extensions(self)

ext_modules =     [Extension('nms.gpu_nms',
        ['nms/nms_kernel.cu', 'nms/gpu_nms.pyx'],
        library_dirs=[CUDA['lib64']],
        libraries=['cudart'],
        language='c++',
        runtime_library_dirs=[CUDA['lib64']],
        # this syntax is specific to this build system
        # we're only going to use certain compiler args with nvcc and not with
        # gcc the implementation of this trick is in customize_compiler() below
        extra_compile_args={'gcc': ["-Wno-unused-function"],
                            'nvcc': ['-arch=sm_35',
                                     '--ptxas-options=-v',
                                     '-c',
                                     '--compiler-options',
                                     "'-fPIC'"]},
        include_dirs = [numpy_include, CUDA['include']]
    )]

setup(
    name='fast_rcnn',
    ext_modules=ext_modules,
    # inject our custom trigger
    cmdclass={'build_ext': custom_build_ext},
)

然后同上修改測(cè)試腳本,執(zhí)行測(cè)試腳本:

import numpy as np
import time
#from nms.nums_py2 import py_cpu_nms  # for cpu
from nms.gpu_nms import gpu_nms   # for gpu 


np.random.seed( 1 )   # keep fixed
num_rois = 6000
minxy = np.random.randint(50,145,size=(num_rois ,2))
maxxy = np.random.randint(150,200,size=(num_rois ,2))
score = 0.8*np.random.random_sample((num_rois ,1))+0.2

boxes_new = np.concatenate((minxy,maxxy,score), axis=1).astype(np.float32)

def nms_test_time(boxes_new):

    thresh = [0.7,0.8,0.9]
    T = 50
    for i in range(len(thresh)):
        since = time.time()
        for t in range(T):

#            keep = py_cpu_nms(boxes_new, thresh=thresh[i])     # for cpu
            keep = gpu_nms(boxes_new, thresh=thresh[i])       # for gpu
        print("thresh={:.1f}, time wastes:{:.4f}".format(thresh[i], (time.time()-since)/T))
    
    return keep


if __name__ =="__main__":
    nms_test_time(boxes_new)

結(jié)果:

thresh=0.7, time wastes:0.0120
thresh=0.8, time wastes:0.0063
thresh=0.9, time wastes:0.0071

發(fā)現(xiàn)比方法3還要慢一點(diǎn),應(yīng)該是計(jì)算量較小,而且時(shí)間損耗在調(diào)用GPU上吧。如果在Faster-RCNN中利方法4肯定是最快的,畢竟是rbg的實(shí)現(xiàn),暫時(shí)來看方法3也足夠了

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