Opencv實(shí)現(xiàn)眼睛控制鼠標(biāo)的實(shí)踐

更新時(shí)間：2022年02月17日 14:28:23 作者：小白學(xué)視覺

本文主要介紹了Opencv實(shí)現(xiàn)眼睛控制鼠標(biāo)的實(shí)踐，文中通過示例代碼介紹的非常詳細(xì)，具有一定的參考價(jià)值，感興趣的小伙伴們可以參考一下

如何用眼睛來控制鼠標(biāo)？一種基于單一前向視角的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)眼睛姿態(tài)估計(jì)方法。在此項(xiàng)目中，每次單擊鼠標(biāo)時(shí)，我們都會(huì)編寫代碼來裁剪你們的眼睛圖像。使用這些數(shù)據(jù)，我們可以反向訓(xùn)練模型，從你們您的眼睛預(yù)測(cè)鼠標(biāo)的位置。在開始項(xiàng)目之前，我們需要引入第三方庫(kù)。

# For monitoring web camera and performing image minipulations
import cv2
# For performing array operations
import numpy as np
# For creating and removing directories
import os
import shutil
# For recognizing and performing actions on mouse presses
from pynput.mouse import Listener

首先讓我們了解一下Pynput的Listener工作原理。pynput.mouse.Listener創(chuàng)建一個(gè)后臺(tái)線程，該線程記錄鼠標(biāo)的移動(dòng)和鼠標(biāo)的點(diǎn)擊。這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)化代碼，當(dāng)你們按下鼠標(biāo)時(shí)，它會(huì)打印鼠標(biāo)的坐標(biāo)：

from pynput.mouse import Listener
def on_click(x, y, button, pressed):
"""
  Args:
    x: the x-coordinate of the mouse
    y: the y-coordinate of the mouse
    button: 1 or 0, depending on right-click or left-click
    pressed: 1 or 0, whether the mouse was pressed or released
  """
if pressed:
print (x, y)
with Listener(on_click = on_click) as listener:
  listener.join()

現(xiàn)在，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的目的，讓我們擴(kuò)展這個(gè)框架。但是，我們首先需要編寫裁剪眼睛邊界框的代碼。我們稍后將在on_click函數(shù)內(nèi)部調(diào)用此函數(shù)。我們使用Haar級(jí)聯(lián)對(duì)象檢測(cè)來確定用戶眼睛的邊界框。你們可以在此處下載檢測(cè)器文件，讓我們做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的演示來展示它是如何工作的：

import cv2
# Load the cascade classifier detection object
cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier("haarcascade_eye.xml")
# Turn on the web camera
video_capture = cv2.VideoCapture(0)
# Read data from the web camera (get the frame)
_, frame = video_capture.read()
# Convert the image to grayscale
gray = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# Predict the bounding box of the eyes
boxes = cascade.detectMultiScale(gray, 1.3, 10)
# Filter out images taken from a bad angle with errors
# We want to make sure both eyes were detected, and nothing else
if len(boxes) == 2:
eyes = []
for box in boxes:
    # Get the rectangle parameters for the detected eye
x, y, w, h = box
    # Crop the bounding box from the frame
eye = frame[y:y + h, x:x + w]
    # Resize the crop to 32x32
eye = cv2.resize(eye, (32, 32))
    # Normalize
eye = (eye - eye.min()) / (eye.max() - eye.min())
    # Further crop to just around the eyeball
eye = eye[10:-10, 5:-5]
    # Scale between [0, 255] and convert to int datatype
eye = (eye * 255).astype(np.uint8)
    # Add the current eye to the list of 2 eyes
eyes.append(eye)
  # Concatenate the two eye images into one
eyes = np.hstack(eyes)

現(xiàn)在，讓我們使用此知識(shí)來編寫用于裁剪眼睛圖像的函數(shù)。首先，我們需要一個(gè)輔助函數(shù)來進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化：

def normalize(x):
  minn, maxx = x.min(), x.max()
return (x - minn) / (maxx - minn)

這是我們的眼睛裁剪功能。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)眼睛，它將返回圖像。否則，它返回None：

def scan(image_size=(32, 32)):
_, frame = video_capture.read()
gray = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
boxes = cascade.detectMultiScale(gray, 1.3, 10)
if len(boxes) == 2:
eyes = []
for box in boxes:
x, y, w, h = box
eye = frame[y:y + h, x:x + w]
eye = cv2.resize(eye, image_size)
eye = normalize(eye)
eye = eye[10:-10, 5:-5]
eyes.append(eye)
return (np.hstack(eyes) * 255).astype(np.uint8)
else:
return None

現(xiàn)在，讓我們來編寫我們的自動(dòng)化，該自動(dòng)化將在每次按下鼠標(biāo)按鈕時(shí)運(yùn)行。（假設(shè)我們之前已經(jīng)root在代碼中將變量定義為我們要存儲(chǔ)圖像的目錄）：

def on_click(x, y, button, pressed):
# If the action was a mouse PRESS (not a RELEASE)
if pressed:
# Crop the eyes
    eyes = scan()
# If the function returned None, something went wrong
if not eyes is None:
# Save the image
      filename = root + "{} {} {}.jpeg".format(x, y, button)
      cv2.imwrite(filename, eyes)

現(xiàn)在，我們可以回憶起pynput的實(shí)現(xiàn)Listener，并進(jìn)行完整的代碼實(shí)現(xiàn)：

import cv2
import numpy as np
import os
import shutil
from pynput.mouse import Listener
 
 
root = input("Enter the directory to store the images: ")
if os.path.isdir(root):
  resp = ""
while not resp in ["Y", "N"]:
    resp = input("This directory already exists. If you continue, the contents of the existing directory will be deleted. If you would still like to proceed, enter [Y]. Otherwise, enter [N]: ")
if resp == "Y": 
    shutil.rmtree(root)
else:
    exit()
os.mkdir(root)
 
 
# Normalization helper function
def normalize(x):
  minn, maxx = x.min(), x.max()
return (x - minn) / (maxx - minn)
 
 
# Eye cropping function
def scan(image_size=(32, 32)):
  _, frame = video_capture.read()
  gray = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
  boxes = cascade.detectMultiScale(gray, 1.3, 10)
if len(boxes) == 2:
    eyes = []
for box in boxes:
      x, y, w, h = box
      eye = frame[y:y + h, x:x + w]
      eye = cv2.resize(eye, image_size)
      eye = normalize(eye)
      eye = eye[10:-10, 5:-5]
      eyes.append(eye)
return (np.hstack(eyes) * 255).astype(np.uint8)
else:
return None
 
 
def on_click(x, y, button, pressed):
# If the action was a mouse PRESS (not a RELEASE)
if pressed:
# Crop the eyes
    eyes = scan()
# If the function returned None, something went wrong
if not eyes is None:
# Save the image
      filename = root + "{} {} {}.jpeg".format(x, y, button)
      cv2.imwrite(filename, eyes)
 
 
cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier("haarcascade_eye.xml")
video_capture = cv2.VideoCapture(0)
 
 
with Listener(on_click = on_click) as listener:
  listener.join()

運(yùn)行此命令時(shí)，每次單擊鼠標(biāo)（如果兩只眼睛都在視線中），它將自動(dòng)裁剪網(wǎng)絡(luò)攝像頭并將圖像保存到適當(dāng)?shù)哪夸浿?。圖像的文件名將包含鼠標(biāo)坐標(biāo)信息，以及它是右擊還是左擊。

這是一個(gè)示例圖像。在此圖像中，我在分辨率為2560x1440的監(jiān)視器上在坐標(biāo)（385，686）上單擊鼠標(biāo)左鍵：

級(jí)聯(lián)分類器非常準(zhǔn)確，到目前為止，我尚未在自己的數(shù)據(jù)目錄中看到任何錯(cuò)誤。現(xiàn)在，讓我們編寫用于訓(xùn)練神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的代碼，以給定你們的眼睛圖像來預(yù)測(cè)鼠標(biāo)的位置。

import numpy as np
import os
import cv2
import pyautogui
from tensorflow.keras.models import *
from tensorflow.keras.layers import *
from tensorflow.keras.optimizers import *

現(xiàn)在，讓我們添加級(jí)聯(lián)分類器：

cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier("haarcascade_eye.xml")
video_capture = cv2.VideoCapture(0)

正?；?/p>

def normalize(x):
  minn, maxx = x.min(), x.max()
return (x - minn) / (maxx - minn)

捕捉眼睛：

def scan(image_size=(32, 32)):
_, frame = video_capture.read()
gray = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
boxes = cascade.detectMultiScale(gray, 1.3, 10)
if len(boxes) == 2:
eyes = []
for box in boxes:
x, y, w, h = box
eye = frame[y:y + h, x:x + w]
eye = cv2.resize(eye, image_size)
eye = normalize(eye)
eye = eye[10:-10, 5:-5]
eyes.append(eye)
return (np.hstack(eyes) * 255).astype(np.uint8)
else:
return None

讓我們定義顯示器的尺寸。你們必須根據(jù)自己的計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕的分辨率更改以下參數(shù)：

# Note that there are actually 2560x1440 pixels on my screen
# I am simply recording one less, so that when we divide by these
# numbers, we will normalize between 0 and 1. Note that mouse
# coordinates are reported starting at (0, 0), not (1, 1)
width, height = 2559, 1439

現(xiàn)在，讓我們加載數(shù)據(jù)(同樣，假設(shè)你們已經(jīng)定義了root)。我們并不在乎是單擊鼠標(biāo)右鍵還是單擊鼠標(biāo)左鍵，因?yàn)槲覀兊哪繕?biāo)只是預(yù)測(cè)鼠標(biāo)的位置：

filepaths = os.listdir(root)
X, Y = [], []
for filepath in filepaths:
x, y, _ = filepath.split(' ')
x = float(x) / width
y = float(y) / height
X.append(cv2.imread(root + filepath))
Y.append([x, y])
X = np.array(X) / 255.0
Y = np.array(Y)
print (X.shape, Y.shape)

讓我們定義我們的模型架構(gòu)：

model = Sequential()
model.add(Conv2D(32, 3, 2, activation = 'relu', input_shape = (12, 44, 3)))
model.add(Conv2D(64, 2, 2, activation = 'relu'))
model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(32, activation = 'relu'))
model.add(Dense(2, activation = 'sigmoid'))
model.compile(optimizer = "adam", loss = "mean_squared_error")
model.summary()

這是我們的摘要：

接下來的任務(wù)是訓(xùn)練模型。我們將在圖像數(shù)據(jù)中添加一些噪點(diǎn)：

epochs = 200
for epoch in range(epochs):
  model.fit(X, Y, batch_size = 32)

現(xiàn)在讓我們使用我們的模型來實(shí)時(shí)移動(dòng)鼠標(biāo)。請(qǐng)注意，這需要大量數(shù)據(jù)才能正常工作。但是，作為概念證明，你們會(huì)注意到，實(shí)際上只有200張圖像，它確實(shí)將鼠標(biāo)移到了你們要查看的常規(guī)區(qū)域。當(dāng)然，除非你們擁有更多的數(shù)據(jù)，否則這是不可控的。

while True:
  eyes = scan()
if not eyes is None:
      eyes = np.expand_dims(eyes / 255.0, axis = 0)
      x, y = model.predict(eyes)[0]
      pyautogui.moveTo(x * width, y * height)

這是一個(gè)概念證明的例子。請(qǐng)注意，在進(jìn)行此屏幕錄像之前，我們只訓(xùn)練了很少的數(shù)據(jù)。這是我們的鼠標(biāo)根據(jù)眼睛自動(dòng)移動(dòng)到終端應(yīng)用程序窗口的視頻。就像我說的那樣，這很容易，因?yàn)閿?shù)據(jù)很少。有了更多的數(shù)據(jù)，它有望穩(wěn)定到足以以更高的特異性進(jìn)行控制。僅用幾百?gòu)垐D像，你們就只能將其移動(dòng)到注視的整個(gè)區(qū)域內(nèi)。另外，如果在整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)收集過程中，你們?cè)谄聊坏奶囟▍^(qū)域（例如邊緣）都沒有拍攝任何圖像，則該模型不太可能在該區(qū)域內(nèi)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。

到此這篇關(guān)于Opencv實(shí)現(xiàn)眼睛控制鼠標(biāo)的實(shí)踐的文章就介紹到這了,更多相關(guān)Opencv 眼睛控制鼠標(biāo)內(nèi)容請(qǐng)搜索腳本之家以前的文章或繼續(xù)瀏覽下面的相關(guān)文章希望大家以后多多支持腳本之家！

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