>>> sys.getsizeof('ab') - sys.getsizeof('a')
1
>>> sys.getsizeof('一二') - sys.getsizeof('一')
2
>>> sys.getsizeof('????') - sys.getsizeof('??')
4

enum PyUnicode_Kind {
/* String contains only wstr byte characters.  This is only possible
   when the string was created with a legacy API and _PyUnicode_Ready()
   has not been called yet.  */
    PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND = 0,
/* Return values of the PyUnicode_KIND() macro: */
    PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND = 1,
    PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND = 2,
    PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND = 4
};

/* Py_UCS4 and Py_UCS2 are typedefs for the respective
   unicode representations. */
typedef uint32_t Py_UCS4;
typedef uint16_t Py_UCS2;
typedef uint8_t Py_UCS1;

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    Py_ssize_t length;          /* Number of code points in the string */
    Py_hash_t hash;             /* Hash value; -1 if not set */
    struct {
        unsigned int interned:2;
        unsigned int kind:3;
        unsigned int compact:1;
        unsigned int ascii:1;
        unsigned int ready:1;
        unsigned int :24;
    } state;
    wchar_t *wstr;              /* wchar_t representation (null-terminated) */
} PyASCIIObject;

/* Non-ASCII strings allocated through PyUnicode_New use the
   PyCompactUnicodeObject structure. state.compact is set, and the data
   immediately follow the structure. */
typedef struct {
    PyASCIIObject _base;
    Py_ssize_t utf8_length;     /* Number of bytes in utf8, excluding the
                                 * terminating \0. */
    char *utf8;                 /* UTF-8 representation (null-terminated) */
    Py_ssize_t wstr_length;     /* Number of code points in wstr, possible
                                 * surrogates count as two code points. */
} PyCompactUnicodeObject;

/* Strings allocated through PyUnicode_FromUnicode(NULL, len) use the
   PyUnicodeObject structure. The actual string data is initially in the wstr
   block, and copied into the data block using _PyUnicode_Ready. */
typedef struct {
    PyCompactUnicodeObject _base;
    union {
        void *any;
        Py_UCS1 *latin1;
        Py_UCS2 *ucs2;
        Py_UCS4 *ucs4;
    } data;                     /* Canonical, smallest-form Unicode buffer */
} PyUnicodeObject;

>>> import sys
>>> text = 'a' * 1000
>>> sys.getsizeof(text)
1049
>>> text += '??'
>>> sys.getsizeof(text)
4080

/* This dictionary holds all interned unicode strings.  Note that references
   to strings in this dictionary are *not* counted in the string's ob_refcnt.
   When the interned string reaches a refcnt of 0 the string deallocation
   function will delete the reference from this dictionary.
   Another way to look at this is that to say that the actual reference
   count of a string is:  s->ob_refcnt + (s->state ? 2 : 0)
*/
static PyObject *interned = NULL;
void
PyUnicode_InternInPlace(PyObject **p)
{
    PyObject *s = *p;
    PyObject *t;
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
    assert(s != NULL);
    assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(s));
#else
    if (s == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(s))
        return;
#endif
    /* If it's a subclass, we don't really know what putting
       it in the interned dict might do. */
    if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(s))
        return;
    if (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(s))
        return;
    if (interned == NULL) {
        interned = PyDict_New();
        if (interned == NULL) {
            PyErr_Clear(); /* Don't leave an exception */
            return;
        }
    }
    Py_ALLOW_RECURSION
    t = PyDict_SetDefault(interned, s, s);
    Py_END_ALLOW_RECURSION
    if (t == NULL) {
        PyErr_Clear();
        return;
    }
    if (t != s) {
        Py_INCREF(t);
        Py_SETREF(*p, t);
        return;
    }
    /* The two references in interned are not counted by refcnt.
       The deallocator will take care of this */
    Py_REFCNT(s) -= 2;
    _PyUnicode_STATE(s).interned = SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL;
}

>>> class User:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
>>> user = User('Tom', 21)
>>> user.__dict__
{'name': 'Tom', 'age': 21}

>>> a = 'abc'
>>> b = 'ab' + 'c'
>>> id(a), id(b), a is b
(2752416949872, 2752416949872, True)