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Python入門(mén)教程(二十九)Python的RegEx正則表達(dá)式

 更新時(shí)間:2023年04月27日 10:25:50   作者:輕松學(xué)Python  
這篇文章主要介紹了Python入門(mén)教程(二十九)Python的RegEx,RegEx 或正則表達(dá)式是形成搜索模式的字符序列。RegEx 可用于檢查字符串是否包含指定的搜索模式,需要的朋友可以參考下

RegEx 或正則表達(dá)式是形成搜索模式的字符序列。

RegEx 可用于檢查字符串是否包含指定的搜索模式。

RegEx 模塊

Python 提供名為 re 的內(nèi)置包,可用于處理正則表達(dá)式。

導(dǎo)入 re 模塊:

import re

Python 中的 RegEx

導(dǎo)入 re 模塊后,就可以開(kāi)始使用正則表達(dá)式了:

實(shí)例

檢索字符串以查看它是否以 “China” 開(kāi)頭并以 “country” 結(jié)尾:

import re

txt = "China is a great country"
x = re.search("^China.*country$", txt)

運(yùn)行實(shí)例

import re

txt = "China is a great country"
x = re.search("^China.*country$", txt)

if (x):
  print("YES! We have a match!")
else:
  print("No match")

RegEx 函數(shù)

re 模塊提供了一組函數(shù),允許我們檢索字符串以進(jìn)行匹配:

元字符

元字符是具有特殊含義的字符

字符:[] 描述:一組字符 示例:“[a-m]”

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Find all lower case characters alphabetically between "a" and "m":

x = re.findall("[a-m]", str)
print(x)

運(yùn)行示例

字符: 描述:示意特殊序列(也可用于轉(zhuǎn)義特殊字符) 示例:“\d”

import re

str = "That will be 59 dollars"

#Find all digit characters:

x = re.findall("\d", str)
print(x)

運(yùn)行示例

字符:. 描述:任何字符(換行符除外) 示例: “he…o”

import re

str = "hello world"

#Search for a sequence that starts with "he", followed by two (any) characters, and an "o":

x = re.findall("he..o", str)
print(x)

運(yùn)行示例

字符:^ 描述:起始于 示例: “^hello”

import re

str = "hello world"

#Check if the string starts with 'hello':

x = re.findall("^hello", str)
if (x):
  print("Yes, the string starts with 'hello'")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:$ 描述:結(jié)束于 示例:“world$”

import re

str = "hello world"

#Check if the string ends with 'world':

x = re.findall("world$", str)
if (x):
  print("Yes, the string ends with 'world'")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:* 描述:零次或多次出現(xiàn) 示例:“aix*”

import re

str = "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain!"

#Check if the string contains "ai" followed by 0 or more "x" characters:

x = re.findall("aix*", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:+ 描述:一次或多次出現(xiàn) 示例: “aix+”

import re

str = "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain!"

#Check if the string contains "ai" followed by 1 or more "x" characters:

x = re.findall("aix+", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:{} 描述: 確切地指定的出現(xiàn)次數(shù) 示例:“al{2}”

import re

str = "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain!"

#Check if the string contains "a" followed by exactly two "l" characters:

x = re.findall("al{2}", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:| 描述:兩者任一 示例:“falls|stays”

import re

str = "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain!"

#Check if the string contains either "falls" or "stays":

x = re.findall("falls|stays", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:() 描述:捕獲和分組

特殊序列

特殊序列指的是 \ 后跟下表中的某個(gè)字符,擁有特殊含義。

字符:\A 描述:如果指定的字符位于字符串的開(kāi)頭,則返回匹配項(xiàng) 示例:“\AThe”

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Check if the string starts with "The":

x = re.findall("\AThe", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is a match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:\b

描述:返回指定字符位于單詞的開(kāi)頭或末尾的匹配項(xiàng)

示例:r"\bain"

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Check if "ain" is present at the beginning of a WORD:

x = re.findall(r"\bain", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

示例:r"ain\b"

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Check if "ain" is present at the end of a WORD:

x = re.findall(r"ain\b", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:\B

描述:返回指定字符存在的匹配項(xiàng),但不在單詞的開(kāi)頭(或結(jié)尾處)

示例:r"\Bain"

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Check if "ain" is present, but NOT at the beginning of a word:

x = re.findall(r"\Bain", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

示例:r"ain\B"

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Check if "ain" is present, but NOT at the end of a word:

x = re.findall(r"ain\B", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:\d

描述:返回字符串包含數(shù)字的匹配項(xiàng)(數(shù)字 0-9)

示例:“\d”

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Check if the string contains any digits (numbers from 0-9):

x = re.findall("\d", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:\D

描述:返回字符串不包含數(shù)字的匹配項(xiàng)

示例:“\D”

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Return a match at every no-digit character:

x = re.findall("\D", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:\s

描述:返回字符串包含空白字符的匹配項(xiàng)

示例:“\s”

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Return a match at every white-space character:

x = re.findall("\s", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:\S

描述:返回字符串不包含空白字符的匹配項(xiàng)

示例:“\S”

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Return a match at every NON white-space character:

x = re.findall("\S", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:\w

描述: 返回一個(gè)匹配項(xiàng),其中字符串包含任何單詞字符 (從 a 到 Z 的字符,從 0 到 9 的數(shù)字和下劃線 _ 字符)

示例:“\w”

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Return a match at every word character (characters from a to Z, digits from 0-9, and the underscore _ character):

x = re.findall("\w", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:\W

描述:返回一個(gè)匹配項(xiàng),其中字符串不包含任何單詞字符

示例:“\W”

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Return a match at every NON word character (characters NOT between a and Z. Like "!", "?" white-space etc.):

x = re.findall("\W", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:\Z

描述:如果指定的字符位于字符串的末尾,則返回匹配項(xiàng) 。

示例:“Spain\Z”

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Check if the string ends with "Spain":

x = re.findall("Spain\Z", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is a match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

集合(Set)

集合(Set)是一對(duì)方括號(hào) [] 內(nèi)的一組字符,具有特殊含義。

字符:[arn]

描述:返回一個(gè)匹配項(xiàng),其中存在指定字符(a,r 或 n)之一

示例

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Check if the string has any a, r, or n characters:

x = re.findall("[arn]", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:[a-n]

描述:返回字母順序 a 和 n 之間的任意小寫(xiě)字符匹配項(xiàng)

示例

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Check if the string has any characters between a and n:

x = re.findall("[a-n]", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:[^arn]

描述:返回除 a、r 和 n 之外的任意字符的匹配項(xiàng)

示例

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Check if the string has other characters than a, r, or n:

x = re.findall("[^arn]", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:[0123]

描述:返回存在任何指定數(shù)字(0、1、2 或 3)的匹配項(xiàng)

示例

import re

str = "The rain in Spain"

#Check if the string has any 0, 1, 2, or 3 digits:

x = re.findall("[0123]", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:[0-9]

描述:返回 0 與 9 之間任意數(shù)字的匹配

示例

import re

str = "8 times before 11:45 AM"

#Check if the string has any digits:

x = re.findall("[0-9]", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:[0-5][0-9]

描述:返回介于 0 到 9 之間的任何數(shù)字的匹配項(xiàng)

示例

import re

str = "8 times before 11:45 AM"

#Check if the string has any two-digit numbers, from 00 to 59:

x = re.findall("[0-5][0-9]", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:[a-zA-Z]

描述:返回字母順序 a 和 z 之間的任何字符的匹配,小寫(xiě)或大寫(xiě)

示例

import re

str = "8 times before 11:45 AM"

#Check if the string has any characters from a to z lower case, and A to Z upper case:

x = re.findall("[a-zA-Z]", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

字符:[+]

描述:在集合中,+、*、.、|、()、$、{} 沒(méi)有特殊含義,因此 [+] 表示:返回字符串中任何 + 字符的匹配項(xiàng)。

示例

import re

str = "8 times before 11:45 AM"

#Check if the string has any + characters:

x = re.findall("[+]", str)

print(x)

if (x):
  print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
  print("No match")

運(yùn)行示例

findall() 函數(shù)

findall() 函數(shù)返回包含所有匹配項(xiàng)的列表。

實(shí)例

打印所有匹配的列表

import re

str = "China is a great country"
x = re.findall("a", str)
print(x)

運(yùn)行實(shí)例

這個(gè)列表以被找到的順序包含匹配項(xiàng)。

如果未找到匹配項(xiàng),則返回空列表。

實(shí)例

如果未找到匹配,則返回空列表:

import re

str = "China is a great country"
x = re.findall("USA", str)
print(x)

運(yùn)行實(shí)例

search() 函數(shù)

search() 函數(shù)搜索字符串中的匹配項(xiàng),如果存在匹配則返回 Match 對(duì)象。

如果有多個(gè)匹配,則僅返回首個(gè)匹配項(xiàng)。

實(shí)例

在字符串中搜索第一個(gè)空白字符

import re

str = "China is a great country"
x = re.search("\s", str)

print("The first white-space character is located in position:", x.start())

運(yùn)行實(shí)例

如果未找到匹配,則返回值 None:

實(shí)例

進(jìn)行不返回匹配的檢索

import re

str = "China is a great country"
x = re.search("USA", str)
print(x)

運(yùn)行實(shí)例

split() 函數(shù)

split() 函數(shù)返回一個(gè)列表,其中字符串在每次匹配時(shí)被拆分。

實(shí)例

在每個(gè)空白字符處進(jìn)行拆分

import re

str = "China is a great country"
x = re.split("\s", str)
print(x)

運(yùn)行實(shí)例

可以通過(guò)指定 maxsplit 參數(shù)來(lái)控制出現(xiàn)次數(shù):

實(shí)例

僅在首次出現(xiàn)時(shí)拆分字符串:

import re

str = "China is a great country"
x = re.split("\s", str, 1)
print(x)

運(yùn)行實(shí)例

sub() 函數(shù)

sub() 函數(shù)把匹配替換為您選擇的文本

實(shí)例

用數(shù)字 9 替換每個(gè)空白字符

import re

str = "China is a great country"
x = re.sub("\s", "9", str)
print(x)

運(yùn)行實(shí)例

可以通過(guò)指定 count 參數(shù)來(lái)控制替換次數(shù):

實(shí)例

替換前兩次出現(xiàn)

import re

str = "China is a great country"
x = re.sub("\s", "9", str, 2)
print(x)

運(yùn)行實(shí)例

Match 對(duì)象

Match 對(duì)象是包含有關(guān)搜索和結(jié)果信息的對(duì)象。

注釋?zhuān)喝绻麤](méi)有匹配,則返回值 None,而不是 Match 對(duì)象。

實(shí)例

執(zhí)行會(huì)返回 Match 對(duì)象的搜索:

import re

str = "China is a great country"
x = re.search("a", str)
print(x) # 將打印一個(gè)對(duì)象

運(yùn)行實(shí)例

Match 對(duì)象提供了用于取回有關(guān)搜索及結(jié)果信息的屬性和方法:

  • span() 返回的元組包含了匹配的開(kāi)始和結(jié)束位置
  • .string 返回傳入函數(shù)的字符串
  • group() 返回匹配的字符串部分

實(shí)例

打印首個(gè)匹配出現(xiàn)的位置(開(kāi)始和結(jié)束位置)。

正則表達(dá)式查找以大寫(xiě) “C” 開(kāi)頭的任何單詞:

import re

str = "China is a great country"
x = re.search(r"\bC\w+", str)
print(x.span())

運(yùn)行實(shí)例

實(shí)例

打印傳入函數(shù)的字符串

import re

str = "China is a great country"
x = re.search(r"\bC\w+", str)
print(x.string)

運(yùn)行實(shí)例

實(shí)例

打印匹配的字符串部分

正則表達(dá)式查找以大寫(xiě) “C” 開(kāi)頭的任何單詞:

import re

str = "China is a great country"
x = re.search(r"\bC\w+", str)
print(x.group())

運(yùn)行實(shí)例

注釋?zhuān)喝绻麤](méi)有匹配項(xiàng),則返回值 None,而不是 Match 對(duì)象。

到此這篇關(guān)于Python入門(mén)教程(二十九)Python的RegEx的文章就介紹到這了,更多相關(guān)Python的RegEx內(nèi)容請(qǐng)搜索腳本之家以前的文章或繼續(xù)瀏覽下面的相關(guān)文章希望大家以后多多支持腳本之家!

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