手把手教你實(shí)現(xiàn)Python重試超時(shí)裝飾器
一、前言
在寫業(yè)務(wù)代碼時(shí)候,有許多場(chǎng)景需要重試某塊業(yè)務(wù)邏輯,例如網(wǎng)絡(luò)請(qǐng)求、購物下單等,希望發(fā)生異常的時(shí)候多重試幾次。本文分享如何利用Python 的裝飾器來進(jìn)行面向切面(AOP)的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)重試器。
二、簡(jiǎn)單分析
一個(gè)重試裝飾器,最重要的就是發(fā)生意外異常處理失敗自動(dòng)重試,有如下幾點(diǎn)需要注意
- 失敗不能一直重試,因?yàn)榭赡軙?huì)出現(xiàn)死循環(huán)浪費(fèi)資源,因此需要有 最大重試次數(shù) 或者 最大超時(shí)時(shí)間
- 不能重試太頻繁,因?yàn)樘l繁容易導(dǎo)致重試次數(shù)很快用完,卻沒有成功響應(yīng),需要有 重試時(shí)間間隔 來限制,有時(shí)可以加大成功概率,例如網(wǎng)絡(luò)請(qǐng)求時(shí)有一段時(shí)間是堵塞的,或者對(duì)方服務(wù)負(fù)載太高導(dǎo)致一段時(shí)間無法響應(yīng)等。
簡(jiǎn)單分析完,我們的重試裝飾器,就要支持可配置最大重試次數(shù)、最大超時(shí)時(shí)間、重試間隔,所以裝飾器就要設(shè)計(jì)成帶參數(shù)裝飾器。
三、代碼模擬實(shí)現(xiàn)
重試裝飾器-初版
分析完畢后,看看第一版的裝飾器
import time from functools import wraps def task_retry(max_retry_count: int = 5, time_interval: int = 2): """ 任務(wù)重試裝飾器 Args: max_retry_count: 最大重試次數(shù) 默認(rèn)5次 time_interval: 每次重試間隔 默認(rèn)2s """ def _task_retry(task_func): @wraps(task_func) def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): # 函數(shù)循環(huán)重試 for retry_count in range(max_retry_count): print(f"execute count {retry_count + 1}") try: task_result = task_func(*args, **kwargs) return task_result except Exception as e: print(f"fail {str(e)}") time.sleep(time_interval) return wrapper return _task_retry
裝飾器內(nèi)部閉包,就簡(jiǎn)單通過 for 循環(huán) 來執(zhí)行指定重試次數(shù),成功獲取結(jié)果就直接 return 返回,發(fā)生異常則睡眠配置重試間隔時(shí)間后繼續(xù)循環(huán)
寫個(gè)例子來模擬測(cè)試下看看效果
沒有異常正常執(zhí)行,在函數(shù)中模擬一個(gè)異常來進(jìn)行重試看看
@task_retry(max_retry_count=3, time_interval=1) def user_place_order(): a = 1 / 0 print("user place order success") return {"code": 0, "msg": "ok"} ret = user_place_order() print("user place order ret", ret) >>>out fail division by zero execute count 2 fail division by zero execute count 3 fail division by zero user place order ret None
可以看到 user_place_order 函數(shù)執(zhí)行了三遍,都發(fā)生了除零異常,最后超過最大執(zhí)行次數(shù),返回了 None 值,我們可以在主邏輯中來判斷返回值是否為 None 來進(jìn)行超過最大重試次數(shù)失敗的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯處理
ret = user_place_order() print("user place order ret", ret) if not ret: print("user place order failed") ...
重試裝飾器-改進(jìn)版
現(xiàn)在只能配置 最大重試次數(shù) 沒有最大超時(shí)時(shí)間,有時(shí)候我們想不但有重試,還得在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成,不想浪費(fèi)太多試錯(cuò)時(shí)間。所以增加一個(gè) 最大超時(shí)時(shí)間配置選項(xiàng)默認(rèn)為None,有值時(shí)超過最大超時(shí)時(shí)間退出重試。
def task_retry(max_retry_count: int = 5, time_interval: int = 2, max_timeout: int = None): """ 任務(wù)重試裝飾器 Args: max_retry_count: 最大重試次數(shù) 默認(rèn) 5 次 time_interval: 每次重試間隔 默認(rèn) 2s max_timeout: 最大超時(shí)時(shí)間,單位s 默認(rèn)為 None, """ def _task_retry(task_func): @wraps(task_func) def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): # 函數(shù)循環(huán)重試 start_time = time.time() for retry_count in range(max_retry_count): print(f"execute count {retry_count + 1}") use_time = time.time() - start_time if max_timeout and use_time > max_timeout: # 超出最大超時(shí)時(shí)間 print(f"execute timeout, use time {use_time}s, max timeout {max_timeout}") return try: return task_func(*args, **kwargs) except Exception as e: print(f"fail {str(e)}") time.sleep(time_interval) return wrapper return _task_retry
看看效果
# 超時(shí) @task_retry(max_retry_count=3, time_interval=1, max_timeout=2) def user_place_order(): a = 1 / 0 print("user place order success") return {"code": 0, "msg": "ok"} >>>out execute count 1 fail division by zero execute count 2 fail division by zero execute count 3 execute timeout, use time 2.010528802871704s, max timeout 2 user place order ret None # 超過最大重試次數(shù) @task_retry(max_retry_count=3, time_interval=1) def user_place_order(): a = 1 / 0 print("user place order success") return {"code": 0, "msg": "ok"} >>>out execute count 1 fail division by zero execute count 2 fail division by zero execute count 3 fail division by zero user place order ret None # 正常 @task_retry(max_retry_count=3, time_interval=1, max_timeout=2) def user_place_order(): # a = 1 / 0 print("user place order success") return {"code": 0, "msg": "ok"} >>>out execute count 1 user place order success user place order ret {'code': 0, 'msg': 'ok'}
重試裝飾器-加強(qiáng)版
到這重試裝飾器基本功能就實(shí)現(xiàn)了,但還可以加強(qiáng),Python現(xiàn)在支持 async 異步方式寫法,因此要是可以兼容異步寫法那就更好了。先看看裝飾異步函數(shù)會(huì)是什么樣的效果
import time import asyncio import functools def task_retry(max_retry_count: int = 5, time_interval: int = 2, max_timeout: int = None): """ 任務(wù)重試裝飾器 Args: max_retry_count: 最大重試次數(shù) 默認(rèn) 5 次 time_interval: 每次重試間隔 默認(rèn) 2s max_timeout: 最大超時(shí)時(shí)間,單位s 默認(rèn)為 None, """ def _task_retry(task_func): @wraps(task_func) def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): # 函數(shù)循環(huán)重試 start_time = time.time() for retry_count in range(max_retry_count): print(f"execute count {retry_count + 1}") use_time = time.time() - start_time if max_timeout and use_time > max_timeout: # 超出最大超時(shí)時(shí)間 print(f"execute timeout, use time {use_time}s, max timeout {max_timeout}") return try: return task_func(*args, **kwargs) except Exception as e: print(f"fail {str(e)}") time.sleep(time_interval) return wrapper return _task_retry @task_retry(max_retry_count=3, time_interval=1, max_timeout=2) def user_place_order(): # a = 1 / 0 print("user place order success") return {"code": 0, "msg": "ok"} @task_retry(max_retry_count=3, time_interval=2, max_timeout=5) async def user_place_order_async(): """異步函數(shù)重試案例""" a = 1 / 0 print("user place order success") return {"code": 0, "msg": "ok"} async def main(): # 同步案例 # ret = user_place_order() # print(f"user place order ret {ret}") # 異步案例 ret = await user_place_order_async() print(f"user place order ret {ret}") if __name__ == '__main__': asyncio.run(main()) # 正常時(shí)候 execute count 1 user place order success user place order ret {'code': 0, 'msg': 'ok'} # 異常時(shí)候 >>>out execute count 1 Traceback (most recent call last): File "G:/code/python/py-tools/decorator/base.py", line 138, in <module> asyncio.run(main()) File "G:\softs\DevEnv\python-3.7.9\lib\asyncio\runners.py", line 43, in run return loop.run_until_complete(main) File "G:\softs\DevEnv\python-3.7.9\lib\asyncio\base_events.py", line 587, in run_until_complete return future.result() File "G:/code/python/py-tools/decorator/base.py", line 133, in main ret = await user_place_order_async() File "G:/code/python/py-tools/decorator/base.py", line 121, in user_place_order_async a = 1 / 0 ZeroDivisionError: division by zero Process finished with exit code 1
發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)生異常的時(shí)候并沒有重試,為什么呢?其實(shí)在執(zhí)行 task_func() 它并沒有真正的執(zhí)行內(nèi)部邏輯,而是返回一個(gè) coroutine 協(xié)程對(duì)象,并不會(huì)報(bào)異常,所以再裝飾器中執(zhí)行一遍就成功就出來了,外面 ret = await user_place_order_async(), 后才真正的等待執(zhí)行,然后執(zhí)行函數(shù)內(nèi)的邏輯再報(bào)異常就沒有捕獲到。我們可以打斷點(diǎn)驗(yàn)證下
這樣裝飾器就不支持異步函數(shù)的重試,需要加強(qiáng)它,可以使用 asyncio.iscoroutinefunction() 來進(jìn)行異步函數(shù)的判斷, 然后再加一個(gè)異步函數(shù)的閉包就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)異步、同步函數(shù)都兼容的重試裝飾器。
def task_retry(max_retry_count: int = 5, time_interval: int = 2, max_timeout: int = None): """ 任務(wù)重試裝飾器 Args: max_retry_count: 最大重試次數(shù) 默認(rèn) 5 次 time_interval: 每次重試間隔 默認(rèn) 2s max_timeout: 最大超時(shí)時(shí)間,單位s 默認(rèn)為 None, """ def _task_retry(task_func): @functools.wraps(task_func) def sync_wrapper(*args, **kwargs): # 同步循環(huán)重試 start_time = time.time() for retry_count in range(max_retry_count): print(f"execute count {retry_count + 1}") use_time = time.time() - start_time if max_timeout and use_time > max_timeout: # 超出最大超時(shí)時(shí)間 print(f"execute timeout, use time {use_time}s, max timeout {max_timeout}") return try: task_ret = task_func(*args, **kwargs) return task_ret except Exception as e: print(f"fail {str(e)}") time.sleep(time_interval) @functools.wraps(task_func) async def async_wrapper(*args, **kwargs): # 異步循環(huán)重試 start_time = time.time() for retry_count in range(max_retry_count): print(f"execute count {retry_count + 1}") use_time = time.time() - start_time if max_timeout and use_time > max_timeout: # 超出最大超時(shí)時(shí)間 print(f"execute timeout, use time {use_time}s, max timeout {max_timeout}") return try: return await task_func(*args, **kwargs) except Exception as e: print(f"fail {str(e)}") await asyncio.sleep(time_interval) # 異步函數(shù)判斷 wrapper_func = async_wrapper if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(task_func) else sync_wrapper return wrapper_func return _task_retry
注意時(shí)間等待 await asyncio.sleep(time_interval) 會(huì)導(dǎo)致函數(shù)掛起,程序不會(huì)在這里等待,而是去事件循環(huán)loop中執(zhí)行其他的已經(jīng)就緒的任務(wù),如果其他函數(shù)運(yùn)行時(shí)間太久了才切換回來,會(huì)導(dǎo)致時(shí)間超時(shí),換成 time.sleep()的話其實(shí)也沒有用,如果函數(shù)內(nèi)部還有異步函數(shù)執(zhí)行還是會(huì)切換出去,因此異步的時(shí)候感覺超時(shí)參數(shù)意義不大。
模擬測(cè)試下
@task_retry(max_retry_count=5, time_interval=2, max_timeout=5) async def user_place_order_async(): """異步函數(shù)重試案例""" a = 1 / 0 print("user place order success") return {"code": 0, "msg": "ok"} async def io_test(): """模擬io阻塞""" print("io test start") time.sleep(3) print("io test end") return "io test end" async def main(): # 同步案例 # ret = user_place_order() # print(f"user place order ret {ret}") # 異步案例 # ret = await user_place_order_async() # print(f"user place order ret {ret}") # 并發(fā)異步 order_ret, io_ret = await asyncio.gather( user_place_order_async(), io_test(), ) print(f"io ret {io_ret}") print(f"user place order ret {order_ret}") if __name__ == '__main__': asyncio.run(main()) >>>out execute count 1 fail division by zero io test start io test end execute count 2 fail division by zero execute count 3 execute timeout, use time 5.015768527984619s, max timeout 5 io ret io test end user place order ret None
可以看出執(zhí)行一遍后自動(dòng)切換到了 io_test 中執(zhí)行由于 io test 中的 time.sleep(3) 會(huì)導(dǎo)致整個(gè)線程阻塞,一定要等到io_test執(zhí)行完后才會(huì)切換回去,然后再執(zhí)行兩遍就超時(shí)了,你可能會(huì)說都用異步的庫,是的異步的庫是可以加速,但我想表達(dá)就是這時(shí)候統(tǒng)計(jì)的耗時(shí)是整個(gè)程序的而不是單獨(dú)一個(gè)函數(shù)的。大家可以在評(píng)論區(qū)幫我想想有沒有其他的方法,要么就不要用這個(gè)超時(shí)參數(shù)。
可以兼容異步函數(shù)、然后超時(shí)參數(shù)可以不配置,影響不大,O(∩_∩)O~
重試裝飾器-最終版
最終版就是利用拋異常的方式來結(jié)束超過最大重試次數(shù)、最大超時(shí),而不是直接返回None,然后再添加一個(gè)可配置捕獲指定異常的參數(shù),當(dāng)發(fā)生特定異常的時(shí)候才重試。
import time import asyncio import functools from typing import Type class MaxRetryException(Exception): """最大重試次數(shù)異常""" pass class MaxTimeoutException(Exception): """最大超時(shí)異常""" pass def task_retry( max_retry_count: int = 5, time_interval: int = 2, max_timeout: int = None, catch_exc: Type[BaseException] = Exception ): """ 任務(wù)重試裝飾器 Args: max_retry_count: 最大重試次數(shù) 默認(rèn) 5 次 time_interval: 每次重試間隔 默認(rèn) 2s max_timeout: 最大超時(shí)時(shí)間,單位s 默認(rèn)為 None, catch_exc: 指定捕獲的異常類用于特定的異常重試 默認(rèn)捕獲 Exception """ def _task_retry(task_func): @functools.wraps(task_func) def sync_wrapper(*args, **kwargs): # 函數(shù)循環(huán)重試 start_time = time.time() for retry_count in range(max_retry_count): print(f"execute count {retry_count + 1}") use_time = time.time() - start_time if max_timeout and use_time > max_timeout: # 超出最大超時(shí)時(shí)間 raise MaxTimeoutException(f"execute timeout, use time {use_time}s, max timeout {max_timeout}") try: task_ret = task_func(*args, **kwargs) return task_ret except catch_exc as e: print(f"fail {str(e)}") time.sleep(time_interval) else: # 超過最大重試次數(shù), 拋異常終止 raise MaxRetryException(f"超過最大重試次數(shù)失敗, max_retry_count {max_retry_count}") @functools.wraps(task_func) async def async_wrapper(*args, **kwargs): # 異步循環(huán)重試 start_time = time.time() for retry_count in range(max_retry_count): print(f"execute count {retry_count + 1}") use_time = time.time() - start_time if max_timeout and use_time > max_timeout: # 超出最大超時(shí)時(shí)間 raise MaxTimeoutException(f"execute timeout, use time {use_time}s, max timeout {max_timeout}") try: return await task_func(*args, **kwargs) except catch_exc as e: print(f"fail {str(e)}") await asyncio.sleep(time_interval) else: # 超過最大重試次數(shù), 拋異常終止 raise MaxRetryException(f"超過最大重試次數(shù)失敗, max_retry_count {max_retry_count}") # 異步函數(shù)判斷 wrapper_func = async_wrapper if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(task_func) else sync_wrapper return wrapper_func return _task_retry @task_retry(max_retry_count=3, time_interval=1, catch_exc=ZeroDivisionError,max_timeout=5) def user_place_order(): a = 1 / 0 print("user place order success") return {"code": 0, "msg": "ok"} @task_retry(max_retry_count=5, time_interval=2, max_timeout=5) async def user_place_order_async(): """異步函數(shù)重試案例""" a = 1 / 0 print("user place order success") return {"code": 0, "msg": "ok"} async def io_test(): """模擬io阻塞""" print("io test start") time.sleep(3) print("io test end") return "io test end" async def main(): # 同步案例 try: ret = user_place_order() print(f"user place order ret {ret}") except MaxRetryException as e: # 超過最大重試次數(shù)處理 print("MaxRetryException", e) except MaxTimeoutException as e: # 超過最大超時(shí)處理 print("MaxTimeoutException", e) # 異步案例 # ret = await user_place_order_async() # print(f"user place order ret {ret}") # 并發(fā)異步 # order_ret, io_ret = await asyncio.gather( # user_place_order_async(), # io_test(), # ) # print(f"io ret {io_ret}") # print(f"user place order ret {order_ret}") if __name__ == '__main__': asyncio.run(main())
測(cè)試捕獲指定異常
# 指定捕獲除零錯(cuò)誤,正常捕獲重試 @task_retry(max_retry_count=3, time_interval=1, catch_exc=ZeroDivisionError) def user_place_order(): a = 1 / 0 # a = [] # b = a[0] print("user place order success") return {"code": 0, "msg": "ok"} # out execute count 1 fail division by zero execute count 2 fail division by zero execute count 3 fail division by zero MaxRetryException 超過最大重試次數(shù)失敗, max_retry_count 3 # 指定捕獲除零錯(cuò)誤,報(bào)索引越界錯(cuò)誤,未正常捕獲重試,直接退出 @task_retry(max_retry_count=3, time_interval=1, catch_exc=ZeroDivisionError) def user_place_order(): # a = 1 / 0 a = [] b = a[0] print("user place order success") return {"code": 0, "msg": "ok"} # out Traceback (most recent call last): File "G:/code/python/py-tools/decorator/base.py", line 184, in <module> asyncio.run(main()) File "G:\softs\DevEnv\python-3.7.9\lib\asyncio\runners.py", line 43, in run return loop.run_until_complete(main) File "G:\softs\DevEnv\python-3.7.9\lib\asyncio\base_events.py", line 587, in run_until_complete return future.result() File "G:/code/python/py-tools/decorator/base.py", line 161, in main ret = user_place_order() File "G:/code/python/py-tools/decorator/base.py", line 97, in sync_wrapper task_ret = task_func(*args, **kwargs) File "G:/code/python/py-tools/decorator/base.py", line 137, in user_place_order b = a[0] IndexError: list index out of range Process finished with exit code 1
用拋異常的方式推出更好知道是因?yàn)槭裁丛蛲顺鰜磉M(jìn)行對(duì)應(yīng)的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯處理。乍一看兼容異步、同步函數(shù)導(dǎo)致這個(gè)裝飾器有點(diǎn)代碼冗余,看看大家有沒有更好的辦法。
到這就結(jié)束了,雖然是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的裝飾器,但本文還是引伸出很多知識(shí)點(diǎn),望可以幫助到大家。
修改記錄
2023-05-01
- 把重試?yán)锏某瑫r(shí)計(jì)算單獨(dú)抽離出來,這樣功能不會(huì)太藕合,分兩個(gè)裝飾實(shí)現(xiàn)
def set_timeout(timeout: int, use_signal=False): """ 超時(shí)處理裝飾器 Args: timeout: 超時(shí)時(shí)間,單位秒 use_signal: 使用信號(hào)量機(jī)制只能在 unix內(nèi)核上使用,默認(rèn)False Raises: TimeoutException """ def _timeout(func: Callable): def _handle_timeout(signum, frame): raise MaxTimeoutException(f"Function timed out after {timeout} seconds") @functools.wraps(func) def sync_wrapper(*args, **kwargs): # 同步函數(shù)處理超時(shí) if use_signal: # 使用信號(hào)量計(jì)算超時(shí) signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, _handle_timeout) signal.alarm(timeout) try: return func(*args, **kwargs) finally: signal.alarm(0) else: # 使用線程 with ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor: future = executor.submit(func, *args, **kwargs) try: return future.result(timeout) except TimeoutError: raise MaxTimeoutException(f"Function timed out after {timeout} seconds") @functools.wraps(func) async def async_wrapper(*args, **kwargs): # 異步函數(shù)處理超時(shí) try: ret = await asyncio.wait_for(func(*args, **kwargs), timeout) return ret except asyncio.TimeoutError: raise MaxTimeoutException(f"Function timed out after {timeout} seconds") return async_wrapper if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func) else sync_wrapper return _timeout def retry( max_count: int = 5, interval: int = 2, catch_exc: Type[BaseException] = Exception ): """ 重試裝飾器 Args: max_count: 最大重試次數(shù) 默認(rèn) 5 次 interval: 每次異常重試間隔 默認(rèn) 2s catch_exc: 指定捕獲的異常類用于特定的異常重試 默認(rèn)捕獲 Exception Raises: MaxRetryException """ def _retry(task_func): @functools.wraps(task_func) def sync_wrapper(*args, **kwargs): # 函數(shù)循環(huán)重試 for retry_count in range(max_count): logger.info(f"{task_func} execute count {retry_count + 1}") try: return task_func(*args, **kwargs) except catch_exc: logger.error(f"fail {traceback.print_exc()}") if retry_count < max_count - 1: # 最后一次異常不等待 time.sleep(interval) # 超過最大重試次數(shù), 拋異常終止 raise MaxRetryException(f"超過最大重試次數(shù)失敗, max_retry_count {max_count}") @functools.wraps(task_func) async def async_wrapper(*args, **kwargs): # 異步循環(huán)重試 for retry_count in range(max_count): logger.info(f"{task_func} execute count {retry_count + 1}") try: return await task_func(*args, **kwargs) except catch_exc as e: logger.error(f"fail {str(e)}") if retry_count < max_count - 1: await asyncio.sleep(interval) # 超過最大重試次數(shù), 拋異常終止 raise MaxRetryException(f"超過最大重試次數(shù)失敗, max_retry_count {max_count}") # 異步函數(shù)判斷 wrapper_func = async_wrapper if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(task_func) else sync_wrapper return wrapper_func return _retry
源代碼
HuiDBK/py-tools: 打造 Python 開發(fā)常用的工具,讓Coding變得更簡(jiǎn)單 (github.com)
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