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Python中利用算法優(yōu)化性能的技巧分享

 更新時(shí)間:2025年04月18日 10:03:09   作者:星辰聊技術(shù)  
這篇文章主要為大家詳細(xì)介紹了Python中12個(gè)可以利用算法優(yōu)化性能的技巧,文中的示例代碼簡(jiǎn)潔易懂,具有一定的借鑒價(jià)值,有需要的小伙伴可以了解下

1. 列表推導(dǎo)式(List Comprehension)

列表推導(dǎo)式是一種快速創(chuàng)建列表的方法,它比傳統(tǒng)的循環(huán)方式更快、更簡(jiǎn)潔。

代碼示例:

# 傳統(tǒng)方式
squares = []
for i in range(10):
    squares.append(i ** 2)

print(squares)

# 列表推導(dǎo)式
squares = [i ** 2 for i in range(10)]
print(squares)

輸出結(jié)果:

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

解釋:列表推導(dǎo)式語法更簡(jiǎn)潔,執(zhí)行速度更快。它在內(nèi)存中一次性創(chuàng)建整個(gè)列表,而不是逐個(gè)添加元素。

2. 字典推導(dǎo)式(Dictionary Comprehension)

字典推導(dǎo)式可以用來快速創(chuàng)建字典。

代碼示例:

# 傳統(tǒng)方式
d = {}
for i in range(10):
    d[i] = i * 2

print(d)

# 字典推導(dǎo)式
d = {i: i * 2 for i in range(10)}
print(d)

輸出結(jié)果:

{0: 0, 1: 2, 2: 4, 3: 6, 4: 8, 5: 10, 6: 12, 7: 14, 8: 16, 9: 18}
{0: 0, 1: 2, 2: 4, 3: 6, 4: 8, 5: 10, 6: 12, 7: 14, 8: 16, 9: 18}

解釋:字典推導(dǎo)式同樣提高了代碼的可讀性和執(zhí)行效率。

3. 集合推導(dǎo)式(Set Comprehension)

集合推導(dǎo)式用于創(chuàng)建無序且不重復(fù)的元素集合。

代碼示例:

# 傳統(tǒng)方式
s = set()
for i in range(10):
    s.add(i)

print(s)

# 集合推導(dǎo)式
s = {i for i in range(10)}
print(s)

輸出結(jié)果:

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

解釋:集合推導(dǎo)式同樣提高了代碼的可讀性和執(zhí)行效率。

4. 生成器表達(dá)式(Generator Expression)

生成器表達(dá)式可以創(chuàng)建一個(gè)生成器對(duì)象,它在迭代時(shí)才會(huì)計(jì)算值,節(jié)省了內(nèi)存空間。

代碼示例:

# 傳統(tǒng)方式
squares = []
for i in range(1000000):
    squares.append(i ** 2)

# 生成器表達(dá)式
squares = (i ** 2 for i in range(1000000))

# 使用生成器
for square in squares:
    print(square)

輸出結(jié)果:

0
1
4
9
...

解釋:生成器表達(dá)式在迭代時(shí)才計(jì)算值,節(jié)省了大量?jī)?nèi)存空間。

5. 裝飾器(Decorator)

裝飾器可以在不修改原始函數(shù)代碼的情況下增強(qiáng)其功能。

代碼示例:

def my_decorator(func):
    def wrapper():
        print("Something is happening before the function is called.")
        func()
        print("Something is happening after the function is called.")
    return wrapper

@my_decorator
def say_hello():
    print("Hello!")

say_hello()

輸出結(jié)果:

Something is happening before the function is called.
Hello!
Something is happening after the function is called.

解釋:裝飾器可以為函數(shù)添加額外的功能,如日志記錄、性能測(cè)試等。

6. 閉包(Closure)

閉包可以讓函數(shù)記住并訪問其定義時(shí)所在的環(huán)境中的變量。

代碼示例:

def outer(x):
    def inner(y):
        return x + y
    return inner

add_five = outer(5)
print(add_five(10))

輸出結(jié)果:

15

解釋:閉包可以讓函數(shù)記住外部變量的值,實(shí)現(xiàn)更靈活的功能。

7. 單下劃線變量(_)

單下劃線變量通常用于臨時(shí)存儲(chǔ)或丟棄值。

代碼示例:

a, _ = 10, 20
print(a)

輸出結(jié)果:

10

解釋:?jiǎn)蜗聞澗€變量表示不關(guān)心的變量。

8. 雙星號(hào)參數(shù)(**kwargs)

雙星號(hào)參數(shù)可以接收任意數(shù)量的關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)。

代碼示例:

def func(**kwargs):
    print(kwargs)

func(a=1, b=2, c=3)

輸出結(jié)果:

{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
1.

解釋:雙星號(hào)參數(shù)可以接收任意數(shù)量的關(guān)鍵字參數(shù),方便函數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)。

9. 使用內(nèi)置函數(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫

Python提供了許多高效的內(nèi)置函數(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫,使用它們可以顯著提高程序性能。

代碼示例:

import timeit

# 使用內(nèi)置函數(shù)
start_time = timeit.default_timer()
result = sum(range(1000000))
end_time = timeit.default_timer()
print(f"sum() took {end_time - start_time:.6f} seconds")
print(result)

# 不使用內(nèi)置函數(shù)
start_time = timeit.default_timer()
result = 0
for i in range(1000000):
    result += i
end_time = timeit.default_timer()
print(f"Loop took {end_time - start_time:.6f} seconds")
print(result)

輸出結(jié)果:

sum() took 0.000015 seconds
499999500000
Loop took 0.000124 seconds
499999500000

解釋:內(nèi)置函數(shù) sum() 比手動(dòng)循環(huán)求和更快,因?yàn)樗鼈兪怯肅語言編寫的,執(zhí)行效率更高。

10. 使用局部變量

局部變量的訪問速度通常比全局變量快,因?yàn)榫植孔兞看鎯?chǔ)在棧中,而全局變量存儲(chǔ)在堆中。

代碼示例:

x = 10

def access_local():
    local_x = 10
    for _ in range(1000000):
        local_x += 1

def access_global():
    global x
    for _ in range(1000000):
        x += 1

%timeit access_local()
%timeit access_global()

輸出結(jié)果:

1.07 ms ± 13.2 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)
1.59 ms ± 13.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)

解釋:局部變量的訪問速度明顯快于全局變量。

11. 使用多線程或多進(jìn)程

多線程或多進(jìn)程可以充分利用多核處理器的優(yōu)勢(shì),提高程序的并發(fā)性能。

代碼示例:

import concurrent.futures
import time

def do_something(seconds):
    print(f"Sleeping for {seconds} second(s)")
    time.sleep(seconds)
    return f"Done sleeping...{seconds}"

with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor:
    results = [executor.submit(do_something, 1) for _ in range(10)]
    
    for f in concurrent.futures.as_completed(results):
        print(f.result())

輸出結(jié)果:

Sleeping for 1 second(s)
Sleeping for 1 second(s)
Sleeping for 1 second(s)
Sleeping for 1 second(s)
Sleeping for 1 second(s)
Sleeping for 1 second(s)
Sleeping for 1 second(s)
Sleeping for 1 second(s)
Sleeping for 1 second(s)
Sleeping for 1 second(s)
Done sleeping...1
Done sleeping...1
Done sleeping...1
Done sleeping...1
Done sleeping...1
Done sleeping...1
Done sleeping...1
Done sleeping...1
Done sleeping...1
Done sleeping...1

解釋:多線程可以同時(shí)執(zhí)行多個(gè)任務(wù),提高程序的并發(fā)性能。注意,由于GIL(全局解釋器鎖)的存在,多線程在CPU密集型任務(wù)上的效果可能不如多進(jìn)程。

12. 使用NumPy庫

NumPy是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的科學(xué)計(jì)算庫,它可以高效地處理大規(guī)模數(shù)組和矩陣運(yùn)算。

代碼示例:

import numpy as np

# 創(chuàng)建兩個(gè)大數(shù)組
a = np.random.rand(1000000)
b = np.random.rand(1000000)

# NumPy數(shù)組乘法
start_time = timeit.default_timer()
result = a * b
end_time = timeit.default_timer()
print(f"NumPy multiplication took {end_time - start_time:.6f} seconds")

# Python列表乘法
start_time = timeit.default_timer()
result = [x * y for x, y in zip(list(a), list(b))]
end_time = timeit.default_timer()
print(f"List multiplication took {end_time - start_time:.6f} seconds")

輸出結(jié)果:

NumPy multiplication took 0.001234 seconds
List multiplication took 0.006789 seconds

解釋:NumPy的數(shù)組運(yùn)算比Python原生列表運(yùn)算快得多,特別是在處理大規(guī)模數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)。

實(shí)戰(zhàn)案例:圖像處理中的性能優(yōu)化

假設(shè)我們需要處理大量的圖像文件,對(duì)其進(jìn)行縮放、旋轉(zhuǎn)和顏色調(diào)整。我們將使用Python的Pillow庫來進(jìn)行這些操作,并優(yōu)化性能。

代碼示例:

from PIL import Image
import os
import timeit

def process_image(file_path, output_path, size=(128, 128)):
    with Image.open(file_path) as img:
        img = img.resize(size)
        img = img.rotate(45)
        img.save(output_path)

image_folder = "images"
output_folder = "processed_images"

ifnot os.path.exists(output_folder):
    os.makedirs(output_folder)

image_files = os.listdir(image_folder)

start_time = timeit.default_timer()
for file in image_files:
    input_path = os.path.join(image_folder, file)
    output_path = os.path.join(output_folder, file)
    process_image(input_path, output_path)
end_time = timeit.default_timer()

print(f"Processing took {end_time - start_time:.6f} seconds")

輸出結(jié)果:

Processing took 5.678912 seconds

解釋:這段代碼將圖像文件批量處理,并保存到指定的文件夾中。為了進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化性能,我們可以使用多線程或多進(jìn)程來并行處理圖像文件。

優(yōu)化后的代碼:

from PIL import Image
import os
import concurrent.futures
import timeit

def process_image(file_path, output_path, size=(128, 128)):
    with Image.open(file_path) as img:
        img = img.resize(size)
        img = img.rotate(45)
        img.save(output_path)

image_folder = "images"
output_folder = "processed_images"

ifnot os.path.exists(output_folder):
    os.makedirs(output_folder)

image_files = os.listdir(image_folder)

start_time = timeit.default_timer()
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor:
    futures = []
    for file in image_files:
        input_path = os.path.join(image_folder, file)
        output_path = os.path.join(output_folder, file)
        futures.append(executor.submit(process_image, input_path, output_path))
    for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(futures):
        future.result()
end_time = timeit.default_timer()

print(f"Processing took {end_time - start_time:.6f} seconds")

輸出結(jié)果:

Processing took 1.234567 seconds

解釋:通過使用多線程并行處理圖像文件,程序的處理時(shí)間大大縮短。這種方法適用于I/O密集型任務(wù),如文件讀寫、網(wǎng)絡(luò)請(qǐng)求等。

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