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基于Python打造超漂亮的HTML兩欄文本對(duì)比工具

 更新時(shí)間:2025年09月08日 09:04:25   作者:幸福清風(fēng)  
在日常開(kāi)發(fā)、文檔撰寫(xiě)或代碼審查中,我們經(jīng)常需要對(duì)比兩個(gè)文本文件的差異,本文將使用Python + difflib + HTML + CSS 手動(dòng)打造一個(gè)支持行內(nèi)字符級(jí)差異高亮的兩欄對(duì)比工具,需要的可以了解下

在日常開(kāi)發(fā)、文檔撰寫(xiě)或代碼審查中,我們經(jīng)常需要對(duì)比兩個(gè)文本文件的差異。雖然系統(tǒng)自帶的 diff 工具或 IDE 插件可以滿足基本需求,但它們往往不夠直觀,尤其是當(dāng)需要分享給非技術(shù)人員時(shí)。

今天,我將帶你用 Python + difflib + HTML + CSS 手動(dòng)打造一個(gè)美觀、清晰、支持行內(nèi)字符級(jí)差異高亮的兩欄對(duì)比工具,并自動(dòng)生成可瀏覽器查看的 HTML 報(bào)告!

功能亮點(diǎn)

雙欄并排顯示:左右分別為兩個(gè)文件內(nèi)容,一目了然

行號(hào)標(biāo)注:每行左側(cè)顯示行號(hào),刪除/新增行特殊標(biāo)記為 -

行內(nèi)差異高亮

  • 紅色刪除線表示被刪內(nèi)容(<span class="highlight-delete">
  • 綠色加粗表示新增內(nèi)容(<span class="highlight-insert">

智能分組上下文:使用 difflib.SequenceMatcher 智能識(shí)別修改塊,保留上下文

自動(dòng)換行 & 響應(yīng)式布局:長(zhǎng)行自動(dòng)折行,適配不同屏幕

美觀現(xiàn)代化 UI:采用扁平化設(shè)計(jì) + 陰影 + 圓角 + 懸停效果

一鍵打開(kāi)瀏覽器預(yù)覽:生成后自動(dòng)調(diào)用本地瀏覽器打開(kāi)結(jié)果

核心技術(shù)棧

技術(shù)用途
difflib計(jì)算文本差異(行級(jí) + 字符級(jí))
os, urllib.parse文件路徑處理與 URL 構(gòu)造
webbrowser自動(dòng)打開(kāi)瀏覽器
HTML/CSS渲染可視化界面
pre-wrap + word-break實(shí)現(xiàn)代碼塊自動(dòng)換行

實(shí)現(xiàn)思路詳解

1. 讀取文件內(nèi)容

def read_file(filepath):
    with open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        return [line.rstrip('\n') for line in f.readlines()]

注意:保留原始換行符信息用于對(duì)比,但去除 \n 避免干擾字符級(jí) diff。

2. 行內(nèi)字符級(jí)差異高亮

利用 difflib.SequenceMatcher.get_opcodes() 分析兩行字符串的差異:

def highlight_line_diff(text1, text2):
    sm = difflib.SequenceMatcher(None, text1, text2)
    result1 = []
    result2 = []

    for tag, i1, i2, j1, j2 in sm.get_opcodes():
        part1 = text1[i1:i2]
        part2 = text2[j1:j2]

        if tag == 'equal':
            result1.append(part1)
            result2.append(part2)
        elif tag == 'delete':
            result1.append(f'<span class="highlight-delete">{part1}</span>')
        elif tag == 'insert':
            result2.append(f'<span class="highlight-insert">{part2}</span>')
        elif tag == 'replace':
            result1.append(f'<span class="highlight-delete">{part1}</span>')
            result2.append(f'<span class="highlight-insert">{part2}</span>')
    return ''.join(result1), ''.join(result2)

示例:

  • 原文:Hello world
  • 修改:Hello Python
  • 輸出:Hello <del>world</del><ins>Python</ins>

3. 使用get_grouped_opcodes(n=3)顯示上下文

matcher = difflib.SequenceMatcher(None, lines1, lines2)
blocks = matcher.get_grouped_opcodes(n=3)  # 每個(gè)差異塊前后保留3行相同內(nèi)容

這樣不會(huì)只展示“純差異”,而是讓用戶看到變更前后的完整邏輯上下文,極大提升可讀性。

4. 構(gòu)建 HTML 表格結(jié)構(gòu)

每一行生成如下結(jié)構(gòu):

<tr>
    <td class="line-num">42</td>
    <td class="content left"><pre>這是修改過(guò)的<del>舊內(nèi)容</del><ins>新內(nèi)容</ins></pre></td>
    <td class="line-num ins">42</td>
    <td class="content right added"><pre>這是修改過(guò)的<ins>新內(nèi)容</ins></pre></td>
</tr>

并通過(guò) CSS 控制樣式:

  • 刪除行:粉紅底 + 紅邊框
  • 新增行:淡綠底 + 綠邊框
  • 修改行:淺黃底 + 橙邊框
  • 空白占位:灰色斜體 -

5. 美化 CSS 樣式(關(guān)鍵技巧)

td.content pre {
    white-space: pre-wrap;      /* 保留空格和換行 */
    word-wrap: break-word;      /* 超長(zhǎng)單詞也能斷行 */
}

table.diff {
    table-layout: fixed;        /* 固定列寬,避免錯(cuò)位 */
    width: 100%;
}

小貼士:如果不設(shè)置 table-layout: fixed,長(zhǎng)文本會(huì)撐破表格!

使用方法

只需調(diào)用函數(shù)即可:

generate_beautiful_side_by_side_diff(
    file1_path="file1.txt",
    file2_path="file2.txt",
    open_in_browser=True,
    output_html="【美化版】?jī)蓹趯?duì)比結(jié)果.html"
)

運(yùn)行后會(huì)自動(dòng):

  • 生成 HTML 文件
  • 打印路徑
  • 自動(dòng)用默認(rèn)瀏覽器打開(kāi)預(yù)覽

效果截圖預(yù)覽(文字描述)

想象一下這個(gè)畫(huà)面:

  • 頂部是深藍(lán)色標(biāo)題欄:“文檔兩欄對(duì)比”
  • 下方是一個(gè)整潔的雙欄表格,左側(cè)是 file1.txt,右側(cè)是 file2.txt
  • 修改過(guò)的行左側(cè)行號(hào)變橙色,背景微黃,左邊有橙色豎條
  • 被刪除的行畫(huà)了刪除線,紅色提示
  • 新增的行綠色高亮,還有綠色邊框
  • 每一行內(nèi)的變動(dòng)字符都被精準(zhǔn)標(biāo)記
  • 最下方還有說(shuō)明圖例:紅=刪除|綠=新增|黃=修改

是不是比 Git 的命令行 diff 清晰多了?

完整代碼(可直接復(fù)制運(yùn)行)

import difflib
import os
import webbrowser
from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse

def read_file(filepath):
    """讀取文件內(nèi)容,按行返回列表(每行保留換行符)"""
    try:
        with open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            lines = f.readlines()
        return [line.rstrip('\n') for line in lines]
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"無(wú)法讀取文件: {filepath}, 錯(cuò)誤: {e}")
        return []

def highlight_line_diff(text1, text2):
    """對(duì)兩個(gè)字符串進(jìn)行字符級(jí)差異高亮"""
    sm = difflib.SequenceMatcher(None, text1, text2)
    result1 = []
    result2 = []

    for tag, i1, i2, j1, j2 in sm.get_opcodes():
        part1 = text1[i1:i2]
        part2 = text2[j1:j2]

        if tag == 'equal':
            result1.append(part1)
            result2.append(part2)
        elif tag == 'delete':
            result1.append(f'<span class="highlight-delete">{part1}</span>')
            result2.append(part2)
        elif tag == 'insert':
            result1.append(part1)
            result2.append(f'<span class="highlight-insert">{part2}</span>')
        elif tag == 'replace':
            result1.append(f'<span class="highlight-delete">{part1}</span>')
            result2.append(f'<span class="highlight-insert">{part2}</span>')

    return ''.join(result1), ''.join(result2)

def generate_beautiful_side_by_side_diff(file1_path, file2_path, open_in_browser, output_html="diff_comparison.html"):
    """生成美化版兩欄對(duì)比 HTML"""
    lines1 = read_file(file1_path)
    lines2 = read_file(file2_path)

    filename1 = os.path.basename(file1_path)
    filename2 = os.path.basename(file2_path)

    matcher = difflib.SequenceMatcher(None, lines1, lines2)
    blocks = matcher.get_grouped_opcodes(n=3)

    table_rows = []

    for group in blocks:
        for tag, i1, i2, j1, j2 in group:
            if tag == 'equal':
                for line1, line2 in zip(lines1[i1:i2], lines2[j1:j2]):
                    hl_line1, hl_line2 = highlight_line_diff(line1, line2)
                    table_rows.append(f"""
                    <tr>
                        <td class="line-num">{i1 + 1}</td>
                        <td class="content left"><pre>{hl_line1 or ' '}</pre></td>
                        <td class="line-num">{j1 + 1}</td>
                        <td class="content right"><pre>{hl_line2 or ' '}</pre></td>
                    </tr>""")
                    i1 += 1; j1 += 1
            elif tag == 'delete':
                for line in lines1[i1:i2]:
                    hl_line, _ = highlight_line_diff(line, "")
                    table_rows.append(f"""
                    <tr>
                        <td class="line-num del">{i1 + 1}</td>
                        <td class="content left deleted"><pre>{hl_line or ' '}</pre></td>
                        <td class="line-num">-</td>
                        <td class="content right empty"><pre>-</pre></td>
                    </tr>""")
                    i1 += 1
            elif tag == 'insert':
                for line in lines2[j1:j2]:
                    _, hl_line = highlight_line_diff("", line)
                    table_rows.append(f"""
                    <tr>
                        <td class="line-num">-</td>
                        <td class="content left empty"><pre>-</pre></td>
                        <td class="line-num ins">{j1 + 1}</td>
                        <td class="content right added"><pre>{hl_line or ' '}</pre></td>
                    </tr>""")
                    j1 += 1
            elif tag == 'replace':
                max_len = max(i2 - i1, j2 - j1)
                for k in range(max_len):
                    line1 = lines1[i1 + k] if i1 + k < i2 else ""
                    line2 = lines2[j1 + k] if j1 + k < j2 else ""

                    hl_line1, hl_line2 = highlight_line_diff(line1, line2)

                    lineno1 = str(i1 + k + 1) if i1 + k < i2 else "-"
                    lineno2 = str(j1 + k + 1) if j1 + k < j2 else "-"

                    cls1 = "replaced" if line1 else "empty"
                    cls2 = "replaced" if line2 else "empty"

                    table_rows.append(f"""
                    <tr>
                        <td class="line-num {cls1}">{lineno1}</td>
                        <td class="content left {cls1}"><pre>{hl_line1 or ' '}</pre></td>
                        <td class="line-num {cls2}">{lineno2}</td>
                        <td class="content right {cls2}"><pre>{hl_line2 or ' '}</pre></td>
                    </tr>""")

    if not table_rows:
        table_rows.append("""
        <tr>
            <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; color:green;">? 兩文件內(nèi)容完全相同</td>
            <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; color:green;">? No differences found</td>
        </tr>
        """)

    custom_css = """
    <style>
        body {
            font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;
            background-color: #f8f9fa;
            color: #333;
            padding: 20px;
            line-height: 1.6;
        }
        .container {
            max-width: 1400px;
            margin: 0 auto;
            background: white;
            border-radius: 8px;
            box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
            overflow: hidden;
        }
        header {
            background: #2c3e50;
            color: white;
            padding: 15px 20px;
            text-align: center;
        }
        header h1 {
            margin: 0;
            font-size: 1.5em;
        }
        .diff-table-container {
            overflow-x: auto;
        }
        table.diff {
            width: 100%;
            border-collapse: collapse;
            table-layout: fixed;
            font-size: 14px;
        }
        table.diff th {
            background: #34495e;
            color: white;
            padding: 10px 8px;
            text-align: center;
            position: sticky;
            top: 0;
            z-index: 10;
        }
        td.line-num {
            width: 40px;
            text-align: right;
            font-weight: bold;
            color: #777;
            background: #f8f8f8;
            padding: 6px 4px;
            user-select: none;
            white-space: nowrap;
            font-family: monospace;
            font-size: 13px;
        }
        td.line-num.del { color: #e74c3c; }
        td.line-num.ins { color: #2ecc71; }

        td.content {
            width: 45%;
            white-space: normal;
            word-wrap: break-word;
            word-break: break-word;
            padding: 6px 8px;
            vertical-align: top;
        }
        td.content pre {
            margin: 0;
            font-family: "Consolas", "Menlo", "Monaco", monospace;
            font-size: 13px;
            line-height: 1.5;
            white-space: pre-wrap;
            word-wrap: break-word;
            word-break: break-word;
            background: none;
            border: none;
            padding: 0;
        }
        table.diff tr:hover {
            background-color: #f1f9ff;
        }

        td.deleted {
            background-color: #fff8f8;
            border-left: 3px solid #e74c3c;
        }
        td.added {
            background-color: #f8fff8;
            border-left: 3px solid #2ecc71;
        }
        td.replaced {
            background-color: #fffff0;
            border-left: 3px solid #f39c12;
        }
        td.empty {
            color: #ccc;
            font-style: italic;
        }

        .highlight-delete {
            background-color: #ffebee;
            text-decoration: line-through;
            color: #c62828;
            padding: 0 2px;
            border-radius: 3px;
        }
        .highlight-insert {
            background-color: #e8f5e8;
            color: #2e7d32;
            font-weight: bold;
            padding: 0 2px;
            border-radius: 3px;
        }
    </style>
    """

    full_html = f"""<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>文檔對(duì)比結(jié)果</title>
    {custom_css}
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <header>
            <h1>?? 文檔兩欄對(duì)比</h1>
            <p>{filename1} <strong>vs</strong> {filename2}</p>
        </header>

        <div class="diff-table-container">
            <table class="diff">
                <thead>
                    <tr>
                        <th style="width:40px">行號(hào)</th>
                        <th style="width:45%">{filename1}</th>
                        <th style="width:40px">行號(hào)</th>
                        <th style="width:45%">{filename2}</th>
                    </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                    {''.join(table_rows)}
                </tbody>
            </table>
        </div>

        <div style="padding: 15px; font-size: 13px; color: #666; text-align: center; background: #f5f5f5;">
            <strong>說(shuō)明:</strong>
            <span style="color: #e74c3c;">刪除</span> |
            <span style="color: #2ecc71;">新增</span> |
            <span style="color: #f39c12;">修改</span>
            &nbsp;?&nbsp; 行內(nèi)變化已高亮
        </div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>"""

    with open(output_html, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        f.write(full_html)

    print(f"? 美化版兩欄對(duì)比已生成: {os.path.abspath(output_html)}")
    print(f"?? 請(qǐng)用瀏覽器打開(kāi)查看優(yōu)化后的效果。")

    if open_in_browser:
        try:
            abs_path = os.path.abspath(output_html)
            file_url = 'file:///' + abs_path.replace('\\', '/') if os.name == 'nt' else urljoin('file:', urlparse(abs_path).path.replace(os.sep, '/'))
            webbrowser.open(file_url)
            print(f"?? 已自動(dòng)打開(kāi)瀏覽器預(yù)覽: {file_url}")
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"?? 瀏覽器打開(kāi)失敗,請(qǐng)手動(dòng)打開(kāi):\n   {abs_path}")

# === 使用示例 ===
if __name__ == "__main__":
    file1 = r"C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\file2.txt"
    file2 = r"C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\file1.txt"
    generate_beautiful_side_by_side_diff(file1, file2, True, "【美化版】?jī)蓹趯?duì)比結(jié)果.html")

結(jié)語(yǔ)

這個(gè)小工具雖然只有 300 多行代碼,但卻融合了文本處理、算法匹配、前端渲染和用戶體驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)。它不僅實(shí)用,還能作為學(xué)習(xí) difflib 和 HTML/CSS 布局的優(yōu)秀范例。

到此這篇關(guān)于基于Python打造超漂亮的HTML兩欄文本對(duì)比工具的文章就介紹到這了,更多相關(guān)Python兩欄文本對(duì)比內(nèi)容請(qǐng)搜索腳本之家以前的文章或繼續(xù)瀏覽下面的相關(guān)文章希望大家以后多多支持腳本之家!

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