利用Python實現(xiàn)一個可定制風(fēng)格的繪圖系統(tǒng)

更新時間：2023年09月10日 09:12:46 作者：微小冷

這篇文章主要為大家詳細(xì)介紹了如何基于Python實現(xiàn)一個可定制風(fēng)格的繪圖系統(tǒng),文中的示例代碼講解詳細(xì),感興趣的小伙伴可以跟隨小編一起了解下

調(diào)用繪圖風(fēng)格控件

如果想在DrawSystem中調(diào)用繪圖風(fēng)格，那么就需要DrawStyle對象可以輸出繪圖參數(shù)，由于這里面所有的參數(shù)都在字典里面，所以這一步非常容易

def getOneVar(self, key):
    v = self.varDct[key].get()
    if v=="":
        return ""
    if key in NUM_KEYS:
        return float(v)
    elif key in INT_KEYS:
        return int(v)
    else:
        return v
def getVarDct(self):
    dct = {self.VAR_LABS[key] : self.varDct[key].get() 
        for key in self.varDct}
    return {key : dct[key] for key in dct if dct[key]!=""}

第一個函數(shù)用于得到某個繪圖參數(shù)，第二個則用字典的形式，返回所有已經(jīng)設(shè)置的繪圖參數(shù)。畢竟，在plot繪圖過程中，并不是需要設(shè)置所有的繪圖參數(shù)。

由于DrawStyle是在AxisList中被調(diào)用的，所以這個getVarDct函數(shù)最好在AxisList中重新封裝一下

def getStyle(self):
    return self.DrawStyle.getVarDct()

最后，繪圖風(fēng)格實現(xiàn)的臨門一腳，自然是DrawSystem中的plot函數(shù)

def drawPlot(self, ax, data, keys, style):
    ax.plot(*[data[key] for key in keys], **style)

多了一個style參數(shù)，由于繪圖函數(shù)被重新賦給了func，從而所有繪圖函數(shù)都要有相同的繪圖接口，所以盡管暫時不用，drawScatter和drawBar也要加上style參數(shù)。同時更改繪圖函數(shù)。代碼如下，主要添加了一個al.getStyle()的調(diào)用。

def btnDrawImg(self):
    self.fig.clf()
    keys = self.drawTypeDim.getDim()
    self.axDct = {}
    for al in self.als:
        ax = self.setDrawAxis(al)
        data = self.readDatas(al)
        draw = self.drawDct[al.getDrawType()]
        style = al.getStyle()
        draw(ax, data, keys, style)
    self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.08)
    self.canvas.draw()

最后得到下面的效果。

代碼組織

目前，這個繪圖系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)有了400多行代碼，5個類被放在同一個文件中，修改起來已經(jīng)有些不便了。為了開發(fā)工作得以繼續(xù)，有必要把這幾個類分發(fā)到不同的文件中。

下面新建四個文件，分別放入以下內(nèi)容

base.py：DrawType, DrawStyle
aframe.py: AxisFrame
alist.py: AxisList
ds.py: DrawSystem

源代碼

最后附上源代碼

base.py

基礎(chǔ)的繪圖要素，即繪圖類型DrawType和繪圖風(fēng)格DrawStyle。

import numpy as np
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
class DrawStyle(ttk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, master, 
        varDct={}, ws=None, func=None, **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.initConst()
        self.initVars()
        self.initWidgets()
    def initConst(self):
        self.VAR_LABS = {
            "線型" : "linestyle", "線寬" : "linewidth",  "線色" : "color",
            "點型" : "marker"   , "點徑" : "markersize", "點色" : "markeredgecolor",
            "標(biāo)簽" : "label"    , "透明度"    : "alpha", "層號" : "zorder" 
        }
        self.STR_KEYS = ["標(biāo)簽"]
        self.COM_KEYS = ["線型", "點型"]
        self.NUM_KEYS = ["線寬", "點徑", "透明度"]
        self.INT_KEYS = ["層號"]
        self.CLR_KEYS = ["線色", "點色"]
    def initVars(self):
        self.varDct = {key:tk.StringVar() for key in self.VAR_LABS}
    def newFrame(self):
        frm = ttk.Frame(self)
        frm.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        return frm
    def initWidgets(self):
        frm = self.newFrame()
        for i,key in enumerate(["標(biāo)簽", "層號", "透明度"]):
            tk.Label(frm, text=key).grid(row=0, column=i*2, padx=2)
            tmp = ttk.Entry(frm, width=10, textvariable=self.varDct[key])
            tmp.grid(row=0, column=i*2+1, padx=2, pady=2)
        self.initLineMarker(frm)
    def initLineMarker(self, frm):
        enumDct = {
            "點型" : ['.', ',', '1', '2', '3', '4', '+', 'x', '|', '_', 
                0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 
                'o', 'v', '^', '&lt;', '&gt;', '8', 's', 'p', '*', 
                'h', 'H', 'D', 'd', 'P', 'X'],
            "線型" : ['-', '--', '-.', ':']
        }
        for i in range(2):
            key = self.COM_KEYS[i]
            ttk.Label(frm, text=key).grid(row=i+1, column=0, padx=2)
            tmp = ttk.Combobox(frm, width=10, textvariable=self.varDct[key])
            tmp.grid(row=i+1, column=1, padx=2, pady=2)
            tmp['value'] = enumDct[key]
            key = self.NUM_KEYS[i]
            ttk.Label(frm, text=key).grid(row=i+1, column=2, padx=2)
            tmp = ttk.Entry(frm, width=10, textvariable=self.varDct[key])
            tmp.grid(row=i+1, column=3, padx=2, pady=2)
            key = self.CLR_KEYS[i]
            ttk.Label(frm, text=key).grid(row=i+1, column=4, padx=2)
            tmp = ttk.Entry(frm, width=10, textvariable=self.varDct[key])
            tmp.grid(row=i+1, column=5, padx=2, pady=2)
    def getOneVar(self, key):
        v = self.varDct[key].get()
        if v=="":
            return ""
        if key in NUM_KEYS:
            return float(v)
        elif key in INT_KEYS:
            return int(v)
        else:
            return v
    def getVarDct(self):
        dct = {self.VAR_LABS[key] : self.varDct[key].get() 
            for key in self.varDct}
        return {key : dct[key] for key in dct if dct[key]!=""}
# 繪圖類型和維度
# varDct 的格式是 {"sub":sub, "type":slctType, "dim":dim, "proj": proj}
class DrawType(ttk.Frame):
    # ws為兩個combobox的寬
    def __init__(self, master, 
        varDct = {"sub":"111", "type":'點線圖', "dim":"xyz", "proj": "3d"},
        ws=None, func=None, **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.dimChanged = func
        self.initVar(varDct)
        self.initWidgets(ws)
    def initVar(self, varDct):
        self.drawVars = {key:tk.StringVar() for key in varDct}
        for key in self.drawVars:
            self.drawVars[key].set(varDct[key])
    def initWidgets(self, ws):
        if ws==None: ws = [5, 5, 5, 3]
        slctDct = {'type':("點線圖", "散點圖", "條形圖"), 
            'proj': ("None", "3d", "polar"), 
            'dim' : ("x", "xy", "xyz", "tx", "txy", "txyz")}    # 繪圖維度
        keys = ['sub', 'type', 'proj', 'dim']
        wDct = {}  # 控件字典
        # 此為設(shè)置子圖的Entry控件
        wDct['sub'] = ttk.Entry(self, width=ws[0], 
            textvariable=self.drawVars['sub'])
        for i, key in enumerate(keys[1:], 1):
            wDct[key] = ttk.Combobox(self, width=ws[i], 
                textvariable=self.drawVars[key])
            wDct[key]['value'] = slctDct[key]
        for key in keys:
            wDct[key].pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=2)
        wDct['dim'].bind('<<ComboboxSelected>>', self.dimChanged)
    def getSub(self):
        return self.drawVars['sub'].get()
    def getType(self): 
        return self.drawVars['type'].get()
    def getDim(self):
        return self.drawVars['dim'].get()
    def getProj(self):
        return self.drawVars['proj'].get()
    def getDct(self):
        return {key:self.drawVars[key].get() for key in self.drawVars}

aframe.py

單個坐標(biāo)控件，這里面其實有很多功能沒做，比如坐標(biāo)輸入方法中，如果選中外部導(dǎo)入的話，那么應(yīng)該可以出現(xiàn)一個文件對話框，來自動擇選想要導(dǎo)入的數(shù)據(jù)。

import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
import numpy as np
class AxisFrame(ttk.Frame):
    # widths 是每個控件的寬度
    def __init__(self, master, label, mode, widths, **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.label = label
        self.initVar(mode)
        self.initWidgets(widths)
    def initVar(self, mode):
        self.MODES = ("序列化", "源代碼", "外部導(dǎo)入", "無數(shù)據(jù)")
        self.mode = tk.StringVar()
        self.setMode(mode)
    def initWidgets(self, widths):
        tk.Label(self, text=self.label, width=widths[0]).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=widths[1], textvariable=self.mode)
        self.slct['value'] = self.MODES
        self.slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.entry = tk.Entry(self, width=widths[2])
        self.entry.pack(padx=5, side=tk.LEFT, fill=tk.X)
    def setText(self, text):
        self.entry.delete(0, "end")
        self.entry.insert(0, text)
    def get(self):
        return self.entry.get()
    def setMode(self, mode):
        if type(mode) != str:
            mode = self.MODES[mode]
        self.mode.set(mode)
    def setData(self, data=None, **txyz):
        if self.mode.get() == "序列化":
            return self.getArray()
        elif self.mode.get() == "外部導(dǎo)入":
            return self.loadData(data)
        else:
            return self.readPython(**txyz)
    def readPython(self, t=None, x=None, y=None, z=None):
        self.data = eval(self.get())
        return self.data
    def loadData(self, data):
        if type(data) != type(None):
            self.data = data
        return self.data
    def getArray(self):
        val = self.get()
        self.data = eval(f"np.linspace({val})")
        return self.data

alist.py

即AxisFrame的列表，這里面已經(jīng)集齊了繪制一幅圖像的全部要素，但并沒有圖像展示功能。

import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
import numpy as np
from aframe import AxisFrame
from base import DrawType, DrawStyle
class AxisList(ttk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, master, 
        title, mode, widths, 
        types, typeDct,        # 繪圖類型Combobox的參數(shù)
        **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.afs = {}
        self.data = {}
        self.initWidgets(title, widths)
        self.initFeature(types, typeDct)
        self.initAxis(mode, widths)
        self.initStyleFrame()
    def initWidgets(self, title, widths):
        self.btn = ttk.Button(self, text=title, width=sum(widths)+5,
            command=self.Click)
        self.btn.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X, expand=tk.YES)
        self._c = ttk.Frame(self)       # 此為主控件
        self._b = ttk.Frame(self._c)    # 此外工具欄控件
        self._a = ttk.Frame(self._c)    # 此為坐標(biāo)軸
        self._s = ttk.Frame(self._c)  # 此為繪圖風(fēng)格控件
        self._b.pack(side=tk.TOP)
        self._a.pack(side=tk.TOP)
        self._s.pack(side=tk.TOP)
        self.collapsed = True
        self.Click()
    # 初始化工具欄
    def initFeature(self, types, typeDct):
        frm = self._b
        frm.pack(pady=2, side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="導(dǎo)入",width=5,
            command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="導(dǎo)出",width=5,
            command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.drawTypeDim = DrawType(frm, typeDct, 
            func=self.dimChanged)
        self.drawTypeDim.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=2)
        self.vis = {L : True for L in 'txyz'}
        ttk.Button(frm, text="風(fēng)格",width=5,
            command=self.btnShowStyle).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.showStyle = False
    # 初始化坐標(biāo)軸
    def initAxis(self, mode, widths):
        for flag in 'txyz':
            self.afs[flag] = AxisFrame(self._a, flag, mode, widths)
            self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.vis = {L : L in self.getDrawDim() for L in 'txyz'}
        self.updateVisible()
    # 初始化風(fēng)格控件
    def initStyleFrame(self):
        self.sf = ttk.LabelFrame(self._s, text="繪圖風(fēng)格")
        self.drawStyle = DrawStyle(self.sf)
        self.drawStyle.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    # 維度改變時的回調(diào)函數(shù)
    def dimChanged(self, evt):
        txyz = self.getDrawDim()
        for flag in 'txyz':
            self.vis[flag] = flag in txyz
        self.updateVisible()
    # 更新隱藏和顯示
    def updateVisible(self):
        for flag in 'txyz':
            self.afs[flag].pack_forget()
        for flag in 'txyz':
            if self.vis[flag]:
                self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    def btnShowStyle(self):
        self.showStyle = not self.showStyle
        if self.showStyle:
            self.sf.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        else:
            self.sf.pack_forget()
    def getSub(self):
        return self.drawTypeDim.getSub()
    def getProj(self):
        return self.drawTypeDim.getProj()
    def getDrawType(self):
        return self.drawTypeDim.getType()
    def getDrawDim(self):
        return self.drawTypeDim.getDim()
    def getStyle(self):
        return self.drawStyle.getVarDct()
    # 加載數(shù)據(jù)
    def btnLoadData(self):
        name = askopenfilename()
        data = np.genfromtxt(name)
        for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'):
            if i >= data.shape[1]:
                return
            self.setOneMode(flag, "外部導(dǎo)入")
            self.data[flag] = self.setData(flag, data[:,i])
    def Click(self):
        if self.collapsed:
            self._c.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES)            
        else:
            self._c.pack_forget()
        self.collapsed = not self.collapsed
    # 設(shè)置數(shù)據(jù)
    def setData(self, flag, data=None, **options):
        return self.afs[flag].setData(data, **options)
    # 設(shè)置模式
    def setOneMode(self, flag, mode):
        self.afs[flag].setMode(mode)

ds.py

入口函數(shù)就在這個文件中，是主程序的文件。

import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
from tkinter.filedialog import askopenfilename
import matplotlib
import matplotlib as mpl
mpl.use('TkAgg')
import matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg as mbb
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
import numpy as np
from alist import AxisList
from base import DrawType
class DarwSystem():
    def __init__(self):
        self.root = tk.Tk()
        self.root.title("數(shù)據(jù)展示工具")
        self.data = {}
        self.als = []
        self.initConst()
        self.setFrmCtrl()
        frmFig = ttk.Frame(self.root)
        frmFig.pack(side=tk.LEFT,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES)
        self.setFrmFig(frmFig)
        self.root.mainloop()
    def initConst(self):
        self.TYPES = ("點線圖", "散點圖", "條形圖")
        self.drawDct = {
            "點線圖" : self.drawPlot,
            "散點圖" : self.drawScatter,
            "條形圖" : self.drawBar
        }
    def setFrmCtrl(self):
        frmCtrl = ttk.Frame(self.root,width=320)
        frmCtrl.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, fill=tk.Y)
        frm = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl, width=320)
        frm.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.setCtrlButtons(frm)
        self.frmAxis = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl)
        self.frmAxis.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.addLast(None)
    # ! 工具欄
    def setCtrlButtons(self, frm):
        self.drawTypeDim = DrawType(frm)
        self.drawTypeDim.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="??",width=3,
            command=self.btnDrawImg).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="??",width=3,
            command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="+", width=3)
        btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.addLast)
        btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="-", width=3)
        btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.deleteLast)
    def addLast(self, evt):
        title = f"坐標(biāo){len(self.als)}"
        al = AxisList(self.frmAxis, title, 1, [5,10,30], 
            self.TYPES, self.drawTypeDim.getDct())
        al.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.als.append(al)
    def deleteLast(self, evt):
        self.als[-1].pack_forget()
        del self.als[-1]
    def btnLoadData(self):
        name = askopenfilename()
        data = np.genfromtxt(name)
        for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'):
            if i >= data.shape[1]:
                return
            self.AL.setOneMode(flag, "外部導(dǎo)入")
            self.data[flag] = self.AL.setData(flag, data[:,i])
    def readDatas(self, al):
        dct = {}
        data = {}
        for flag in self.drawTypeDim.getDim():
            data[flag] = al.setData(flag, **dct)
            dct[flag] = data[flag]
        return data
    def setDrawAxis(self, al):
        sub = int(al.getSub())
        print(sub)
        if sub in self.axDct:
            return self.axDct[sub]
        p = al.getProj() 
        if p == "None":
            self.axDct[sub] = self.fig.add_subplot(sub)
        else:
            self.axDct[sub] = self.fig.add_subplot(sub, projection=p)
        return self.axDct[sub]
    def btnDrawImg(self):
        self.fig.clf()
        keys = self.drawTypeDim.getDim()
        self.axDct = {}
        for al in self.als:
            ax = self.setDrawAxis(al)
            data = self.readDatas(al)
            draw = self.drawDct[al.getDrawType()]
            style = al.getStyle()
            draw(ax, data, keys, style)
        self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.08)
        self.canvas.draw()
    def drawBar(self, ax, data, keys, style):
        ax.bar(data['x'], data['y'])
    def drawPlot(self, ax, data, keys, style):
        ax.plot(*[data[key] for key in keys], **style)
    def drawScatter(self, ax, data, keys, style):
        ax.scatter(*[data[key] for key in keys])
    def setFrmFig(self, frmFig):
        self.fig = Figure()
        self.canvas = mbb.FigureCanvasTkAgg(self.fig,frmFig)
        self.canvas.get_tk_widget().pack(
            side=tk.TOP,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES)
        self.toolbar = mbb.NavigationToolbar2Tk(self.canvas,frmFig,
            pack_toolbar=False)
        self.toolbar.update()
        self.toolbar.pack(side=tk.RIGHT)
if __name__ == "__main__":
    test = DarwSystem()

到此這篇關(guān)于利用Python實現(xiàn)一個可定制風(fēng)格的繪圖系統(tǒng)的文章就介紹到這了,更多相關(guān)Python繪圖系統(tǒng)內(nèi)容請搜索腳本之家以前的文章或繼續(xù)瀏覽下面的相關(guān)文章希望大家以后多多支持腳本之家！

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